Ataman Yermak, "inconspicuous by birth, famous in soul" - a legendary figure and national hero of Russia. It is believed that he comes from Chusovaya, although there are other versions (from the Dvina or from the Don). But in any case, in the Middle Urals, he left an indelible mark. Everything that is possible here is called by his name. He walked with his gang along Chusovaya, Kama and Volga until he was hired by the rich Ural merchants Stroganov to protect their possessions from raids from the Siberian Khan Kuchum.

And in 1581, a squad under the command of Yermak in the amount of at least 1500 people and well-armed came out for the Stone Belt to fight the Siberian Khanate. As everyone knows, the enterprise was successful. Siberia became Russian. Here we will talk about the death of Ermak Timofeevich.

He died in 1585, when he was walking along the Irtysh with a small detachment of 50 people and was ambushed at the mouth of the Vagai River. On the right bank of the Irtysh, from time immemorial, there has been a Tatar village of Baishevskaya (Baishevo) of the Vagai district of the Tyumen region. On the outskirts of the village there is a cemetery which is a sacred Muslim burial place ( astana). There are two versions about this burial.

According to the first version, Sheikh Hakim-Ata (Suleiman Bykyrgani) and several of his relatives are buried here. The sheikh is considered a Muslim saint, he was one of the first to bring Islam to the Siberian land. In addition, he wrote an Islamic work analogous to the Apocalypse. Small wooden mausoleum. This place is so sacred that visiting it is equivalent to the Hajj to Mecca. True, you need to visit 7 times. Isker - the settlement of Kuchuma among the Siberian Tatars is also a sacred place.

But here's what's interesting. In addition to Muslims, Orthodox Christians also come here. Why? There is a second version that it is here in Baishevskaya Astana that the Russian Cossack, the Orthodox ataman Yermak, is buried. Buried according to Muslim custom.

First version. At the end of the 14th century, at the behest of the ruler from Bukhara, 366 sheikhs-preachers came to Siberia to convert the local "wild", pagan population to Islam. And with them 1700 warriors. The mission was actively attacked by the natives, who did not want any Islam. Almost all Bukharans died. Much later, probably all or almost all of them were declared saints and 6-sided structures were installed at the burial sites, called astana in Siberia (“threshold of the palace” in translation). At least 30 such burials are known. Each sacred cemetery has its own guardians (a corresponding letter was issued) and this duty is passed down from generation to generation. At the Baishevsky burial place, such a charter has been lost. Was Hakim-Ata one of this Bukhara team? It turns out not. Hakim-Ata lived in the 12th century. He died at the age of 95 in 1186 in Khorezm and was buried on the Amu Darya. Shortly after his death, the Amu Darya overflowed its banks and flooded the grave for 40 years. And then when the river receded, the grave was already lost. But then they put a tombstone on him. This is in Uzbekistan. But several more points in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan claim to be the burial place of this respected citizen. He was a Sufi sheikh and preached Islam just to the Uzbeks and Tajiks. There is no documentary evidence of his visit to Siberia. Why on earth would someone bring the remains here to Siberia? Perhaps the name of Khakm-ata was assigned to this burial place by some mullah, a copyist of his works, when they fell into disrepair? To raise the status of their village. This is the version.

Second version. Could Ataman Yermak be buried here? What happened after his death? On November 5, 1582, Yermak's detachment defeated the army of Kuchum - a native of Bukhara - and announced the conquest of Siberia. For this, Ivan the Terrible granted the Cossacks. And Yermak sent 2 chain mail as a gift. In August 1585, a small detachment moored to an island at the confluence of the Vagai with the Irtysh and stopped for the night. In the morning the Cossacks were attacked. The survivors, including Yermak, rushed to the plows. But Yermak stumbled and went under the water, and the two chain mail worn were also heavy. They saved Yermak from arrows, but did a disservice. The body of the chieftain remained under water.

Half a century later, Yermak's chain mail was found, which is mentioned in the Siberian Chronicle of the early 18th century. It follows from it that in 1646 the Berezovsky service people recaptured the Russian chest armor from the Ob Samoyeds (Khanty). The precious trophy was sent to Moscow, because "on that de shell on a pile of targets are gold and on them the royal name is carved on one, on the other an eagle" Historians believe that this is really Yermak's shell. After the death of the ataman, the chain mail was divided. Nurza Kaydaul, who led the Tatars in that battle, received one chain mail, the other was given as a butt to the Belogorsk shaitan. Belogorye - it was the sanctuary of the Ostyaks and Voguls (Khanty-Mansi) at the mouth of the Irtysh. Russians have been looking for these chain mail since the 17th century. Including the Tobolsk centurion Ulyan Makeev-Remezov was looking for. One was found in Tobolsk among the descendants of Kaidaul, who had already transferred to the Russian service. She was sent to the armory, where she remains to this day.

Since the chain mail was removed from the body of Yermak, this means that he could be buried somewhere. But from the place of death to the Baishevsky cemetery, about 30 kilometers are quite far away. In addition, this village is located upstream, which means that the river could not carry the body to Baishevo. This could only be done by humans on purpose. But what is the point of carrying the body of the deceased Yermak so far? Wouldn't it be easier to bury him where they found him? We decided to turn to the folklore of the peoples living on the Irtysh. The legends are somewhat one-sided, and are based on the memories of the Cossacks - Yermak's associates. Savva Esipov, the Tobolsk clerk, wrote them down. The Tatars attacked, there was a fight, Yermak fell and drowned. All. The word "Siberia" in the local language means to sweep, revenge, storm. Indigenous peoples living on the Irtysh pass down folk tales and songs from generation to generation. They differ artistically from chronicles. The fabric of the songs may refer to real people and historical events. It turned out such a picture. A few kilometers from the village of Vagay there is a village of Yepanchinskiye Yurts. For several days in a row, after the death of the Cossack detachment, Tatar fishermen cast a net here. Ermak was caught by Yanysh Begishev's grandson.

Here is what is sung in the song: "The fishermen abandoned the net, instead of fish they dragged a dead man. In combat armor and in steel chain mail. Stately growth, caught in a net." The drowned man was recognized as the Russian ataman Yermak. Everyone knew that 13 days ago there was a battle on Vagai with his detachment, but they still did not know that Yermak himself died. The native nobility began to flock to the village, including Kuchum himself.

The events reflected in the Tatar folklore are also reflected in the Remezov Chronicle. Its author, the chief architect of Tobolsk, Semyon Remezov, is a man of extensive knowledge and rich life experience. He participated in repelling enemy raids, collected yasak, founded new villages, and conducted a population census. This is a Russian encyclopedist of Siberia, cartographer, historian. Remezov not only wrote the chronicle, but illustrated it with his drawings. According to the chronicler, a few days after the death of Yermak, his body was fished out by Yanysh Begishev's grandson. Then the body was laid on a platform and shot with bows. Turns out it's a tribute. However, the chronicle of Remezov was written at the beginning of the 18th century, more than 100 years after the first campaign of the Cossacks in Siberia. After the death of Yermak, the Cossacks, of whom less than 100 people remained, left Siberia. Therefore, the events remained in the shadows. Then others came. The Tatars did not tell anyone about what happened to Yermak's body. Maybe they were afraid of revenge.

Thus, Yermak's body ended up in the hands of his yesterday's enemies. Where could he be buried? According to Muslim tradition, one cannot mock the body. Perhaps the body was taken to the villages to show the inhabitants that, look, Yermak is dead.

Semyon Remezov's father told his son about his meeting with the Kalmyk prince Ablai in Tobolsk in the middle of the 17th century, 80 years after the death of Yermak. This meeting is directly related to our issue. Ablai asked: "Do you know Ulyan where your Yermak lies?" Ulyan replied that no one knew about it. Ablai laughed at him and replied that he knew this place. Ablai stated that as a child he was very ill and was healed only because he drank water from Yermak's grave.

Photo Tobolsk Monument to Semyon Remezov

The Tatars know this place, but the Russians do not. On major holidays, a pillar of fire is placed over the grave of Yermak, and on parental days, a burning candle. He promised to show Ulyan this place, but it is not known whether he fulfilled it. Even in the annals there is a fragment indicating why the body of Yermak was not buried for a long time. Translated into modern Russian, the body of the ataman on the platform lay incorrupt for a long time, showing all kinds of miracles. And even the birds did not dare to sit on it and peck. Moreover, every thing belonging to the ataman had some miraculous properties. If Yermak became an object of worship for the local population, then they could bury him in a special way. It is interesting that the Tatar folklore mentions about the Baishevo cemetery that a stranger was buried there long ago (the name is not mentioned). This stranger may well be Yermak. So, as a result, the Orthodox come there to bow to their Yermak. Perhaps he was buried not in the cemetery itself, but somewhere nearby, behind the fence, after all, he was a non-Christian. At least in the 70s of the last century, the old people said that a stranger was buried near the cemetery.

Remezov, relying on one of the legends, writes that Yermak was buried at the sacred Baishevsky cemetery under a curly pine. We collected 10 rams for his wake. At the same time, a miraculous light came from the grave. The historian Katanov wrote that based on the Remezov Chronicle, many want to see Yermak almost as a saint. All the same, the image is highly mythologized. But any religiosity of Yermak is very doubtful. He was no different from her. Perhaps in the legends and drawings of Remezov some archaic pre-Christian and pre-Muslim traditions of veneration are manifested.

Who is still buried in the cemetery itself? Perhaps not Hakim-ata, but one of those 366 Bukharian sheikhs who came here in the 14th century? Here's something else interesting, local Tatars consider Yermak to be a Siberian Tatar! Yours! He allegedly wanted to overthrow Kuchum specifically and became a Cossack ataman in order to carry out this deed. He was buried according to Muslim traditions. In principle, then you can worship without problems. The Bashkirs, by the way, are also not averse to considering Yermak theirs. (Besides Salavat, they have ... this is not the topic)

On one of the drawings of the Remezov Chronicle, there is a plan and a cross, above which is the inscription "Ermakovo Cemetery", which means that Ablai nevertheless showed Ulyan this place and his son marked it on the map. All the same, apparently the Tatars are hiding the secret of Baishea Astana. There are fears that if it is announced that Yermak is buried here, then a pilgrimage will begin, and a massive one at that. And then the peace of the dead will be violated, and this is unacceptable according to Muslim traditions.

For the second year, Tyumen archaeologists have not been able to complete research on the possible burial place of the conqueror of Siberia, ataman Yermak, due to lack of funding.

"Two years ago, archaeologists at the Tobolsk Integrated Scientific Station found the first confirmation of the legend about the burial place of the Cossack ataman. They discovered a hill with preserved arable land near a forest near the village of Begishevskoye in the Tyumen region, where, according to legend, the conqueror of Siberia was buried. To study this place, you need a geoscan - a device that will scan the hill and determine a possible burial place. However, we do not have 600 thousand rubles to buy it" Adamov said.
According to Igor Lomakin, Director of the Tobolsk Integrated Scientific Station of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, this year FASO did not allocate funds for the acquisition of a geoscan. " The fact is that the purchase of expensive equipment is the target funds of FASO. We were not given them. Next year we will work to get them" Lomakin said.

It was precisely because of the lack of a geoscan that archaeologists did not explore the hill this year. Scientists note that the geoscan has a unique function - displaying the shape of the found metal object and the type of metal. Thanks to this option, you can more accurately determine the characteristics of the found item and make a decision about its extraction. The device automatically measures the depth of a metal object with an accuracy of up to 95%.

The depth sensor allows you to search for large metal objects at a depth of up to 8 meters in the ground, it is also used to detect ore deposits at depths of up to 14 meters. " We applied for a grant twice, we were rejected twice. Now we are looking for sponsors who can help us solve the existing problem", - said the source of the agency.

Big water threat

According to Adamov, it is still difficult to say that the hill with preserved arable land near the forest near the settlement of Begishevskoye is the burial place of Ataman Yermak. According to the scientist, according to external signs, it coincides with the descriptions of the Siberian Tatars, which formed the basis of the map of 1806, compiled by the provincial surveyor Vasily Filimonov.

"In 2014, we started looking for Yermak's grave using Filimonov's map and found the hill indicated in it. This place has not been touched by anyone since the map was made. According to legend, Yermak was buried here." Adamov said.

According to him, while studying this place, archaeologists found burials of ancient Ugrians of the 10th-11th centuries, as well as coins of the 17th century and things of the inhabitants of the Tatar village on a hill.

"We were surprised that the burial was preserved, since it was only 40 centimeters from the surface of the earth. In it we found two well-preserved sabers. Their scabbards were covered with very thin foil. We also found pottery and other artifacts that were transferred to the Tobolsk Museum" Adamov said.

According to him, now the big water is a threat. " Siberian rivers have been flooding heavily in the past two years and there is a threat that a possible burial place for Yermak will be washed out", - said the source of the agency.

Versions about the burial of ataman Yermak

Ermak Timofeevich - Russian military leader, Cossack chieftain. In 1581, he led a military campaign against the Siberian Khan Kuchum, from which the conquest and development of Siberia began. One of the main versions of Yermak's death is based on Siberian-Tatar legends. According to them, the chieftain drowned.

There is a legend that shortly after his death, a Tatar fisherman caught Yermak's body from the Irtysh. Later, the Tatars buried him near the village of Begishevskoye behind the cemetery, since he was not a Muslim. According to another version, Yermak's grave may be a burial found on the outskirts of the Kirghiz-Miyaki settlement in Bashkiria. According to the results of the examination, he is about five hundred years old, which coincides with the date of Yermak's death.

According to another version, Yermak's grave may be located in the Znamensky district of the Omsk region. There, in the vicinity of the village of Ust-Shish, according to local historians, Emperor Peter I was even going to send a special search expedition. There are documents that spoke about the need for its organization, experts say. However, there are no documents that say about the conduct of this expedition.

If the grave is found, then it will be possible to dispel many myths associated with the historical figure of the pioneer of Siberia.

In Bashkiria, a burial was found in which, perhaps, the legendary ataman Ermak Timofeevich was buried. An ancient grave was found on the outskirts of the Kirgiz-Miyaki settlement. According to the results of the examination, she is about five hundred years old, which coincides with the date of Yermak's death. However, in order to shed light on the mystery of the death of the Cossack chieftain, scientists have to conduct a number of examinations.

The lesson of the history of the Fatherland in the Kirghiz-Miyakin school is now supplemented by a new chapter: "The mystery of the death of Ataman Yermak has been revealed." The teacher tells the students about the new version of the burial place of the legendary conqueror of Siberia.

- It is believed that Ataman Yermak was buried in Siberia, but as you know, now there is another version that his ashes rest at our mountain Mir Mir.

The assumption that in the vicinity of the regional center of Kirghiz-Miyaki on a high mound was found the grave of Yermak, was put forward by Chelyabinsk historians. They were excavating on a high mountain and came across an ancient grave. Radiocarbon analysis of the remains showed that the age of the burial is about 500 years old, it contains an unknown man of Slavic origin, buried in accordance with the Orthodox tradition.

“There was a version that this is neither more nor less than the grave of Yermak Timofeevich. This is such a beautiful, romantic version, which is confirmed, for example, by the ancient Bashkir shezheres - family trees,” says Gayaz Samigulov, Associate Professor of the Eurasia Department at South Ural University.

Local historians indirectly confirmed the version of historians: the mountain with an ancient grave is really revered by local residents. In ancient legends, it is mentioned that a noble Russian was buried in it, but who exactly was still a mystery.

“No metal weapons were found nearby. So, what conclusions can I draw: he must have been in a canvas shirt and pants and had a belt,” suggests local historian Sabir Gemerov.

Historians are in no hurry to draw conclusions: according to the official version, Yermak drowned in the Irtysh River when he was defeated by a detachment of the Siberian Khan Kuchum. His grave has not been found, but there is evidence that he was buried in the vicinity of the village of Baishevo in the territory of the modern Tyumen region. Who 500 years ago might need to lead the body of the chieftain for a thousand kilometers and carefully hide the traces of his grave is unknown.

"Determining the place of events, in this case, the burial site, requires serious work not only by archaeologists, but also by those who work with written sources. At the moment, chronicle materials, in particular, the Remezov Chronicle, and the folklore of many peoples of Siberia - Khanty, Mansi - indicate that, after all, Yermak’s grave is located on the Irtysh River,” explains Bulat Aznabaev, professor at the Bashkir State University, Doctor of Historical Sciences.

The hypothesis about the supposedly found grave of the ataman has already made a lot of noise in the press. The version of the Chelyabinsk scientists was supported by the republican authorities, who expect that the find could attract an additional flow of tourists to Bashkiria.

“If Yermak is really buried here, it will really be another object of visit for us. We will improve it. And if it is confirmed that this is Yermak’s grave, there will probably be quite a lot of people who want to see it,” said Zainulla Nasyrov, head of the administration of the Miyakinsky district.

To throw a stone on a churchyard means to pay tribute to the buried. This Bashkir tradition is more than one hundred years old. Whoever rests in the found grave, the inhabitants of Kirghiz-Miyakov believe that the ancient burial place should be left alone, but Chelyabinsk scientists are going to continue excavations. This summer, the alleged grave of Yermak will be studied by archaeologists. Perhaps they will shed light on the mystery of the death of the Cossack ataman.

Page 58

How did Russia's foreign policy develop in the middle of the 16th century? And what were its main directions?

During the reign of Ivan IV, Russia significantly expanded its territory and strengthened its international position by annexing the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian khanates. Having established allied relations with the Nogai Horde and the Caucasian rulers, Russia created the basis for advancement in the southern direction. At the same time, efforts in the western direction were not so successful. The Livonian war was lost. Instead of gaining access to the Baltic Sea, Russia has lost even those positions in this region that it had before.

Page 64

Who is Richard Chancellor? For what purpose and when did he arrive in Russia?

R. Chancellor, an English navigator who was looking for a sea route to India on the ship "Edward Udalets", headed east. Having entered the White Sea, he reached the mouth of the river. Northern Dvina at the Nikolsky Monastery. He was delivered to Moscow to the court of Tsar Ivan IV. This voyage in 1553 marked the beginning of maritime relations between Russia and England.

Page 65

Natives of what countries founded the Livonian Order? To whom did he obey?

Catholic state and military organization of the German Crusader Knights in Vost. Baltic on the Latvian and Estonian lands, organized in 1237. It was subordinate to the confederation of 5 states (the Livonian Order, the Archbishopric of Riga (bishopric from the end of the 12th century from 1251 - the archbishopric), Courland (from 1234), Derpt (from 1224) and the Ezel bishopric), formed on the territory conquered by the crusaders (Livonia).

Page 68. Questions and tasks for working with the text of the paragraph

1. Why in the XVI century. were foreign policy successes in the east especially important for Russia? What was the significance of establishing control over the Volga trade route for the development of the country?

For Russia in the XVI century. foreign policy successes in the east were especially important because the Kazan and Crimean khanates posed a constant threat - raids, captivity of local residents, danger to trade, etc.

For the development of the country, the establishment of control over the Volga trade route was of great importance, as it ensured safe trade for Russian merchants with the countries of the East.

2. How do you assess the entry into the Russian state of the Volga region?

Joining the Russian state of the Volga region ensured security in the south and southeast, opened the way for direct trade and political contacts with the eastern countries. The Volga, along its entire length, became a Russian river. Thus, the assessment of joining the Russian state of the Volga region can only be positive.

3. Compare the actions of Ivan IV in relation to the Kazan Khanate and the Caucasus. What influenced his policy in these areas?

The actions of Ivan IV in relation to the Kazan Khanate and the Caucasus were different: the Kazan Khanate was conquered and annexed to Russia, becoming its state territory, and the Caucasus was still very far from the borders of Russia, but it needed allies in the fight against the Ottoman Empire, the Caucasian rulers - strong patrons from unfriendly neighboring states. Thus, the policy of Ivan IV in relation to the Caucasus was friendly and mutually beneficial for both sides.

The decision to conquer Kazan was made under the influence of the aggressive policy of the Kazan Khanate, constant raids, the devastation of border areas and the capture of the local population.

4. Why did Ivan IV fear the union of the Kazan Khanate and the Ottoman Empire with the Crimean Khanate? Do you think these were justified concerns? Prove your point.

Ivan IV was afraid of the union of the Kazan Khanate and the Ottoman Empire with the Crimean Khanate because together they were a formidable opponent of Russia and then it became impossible to achieve access to the sea. These were justified fears, since the Crimean Khanate already existed, and the Kazan Khanate became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. The Crimean Khan helped the Astrakhan Khan resist the dependence on Russia.

5. Why did Poland and Lithuania become allies of the Livonian Order in the fight against Russia?

Poland and Lithuania became allies of the Livonian Order in the fight against Russia because it was not profitable for them to have a strong state near their borders that would compete with them in trade and influence in Europe.

6. What impact did the unification of Poland and Lithuania into a single state - the Commonwealth and the election of Stephen Batory as its king have on the course of the Livonian War?

The unification of Poland and Lithuania into a single state had a decisive influence on the course of the Livonian War. These states, having united, became much stronger, and the election of Stefan Batory, a talented commander, as king, finally decided the outcome of the war not in favor of Russia.

7. What was the significance of the defense of Pskov during the Livonian War by Russian troops led by I. Shuisky?

The importance of the defense of Pskov during the Livonian War by Russian troops led by I. Shuisky can hardly be overestimated. Pskov, thanks to this, remained part of the Russian state. In addition, the Russian troops gained experience in military operations, experience in warfare.

8*. Using the text of the paragraph and Internet resources, draw up (in a notebook) a plan for a story about the campaign of Russian troops led by Ivan IV to Kazan.

1. Preparation for the third trip to Kazan

1.1. Construction of the Sviyazhsk fortress

1.2. Accumulation of funds and forces in the built fortress

2. The beginning of the war in 1552

2.1. Alignment of forces: the Russian army and the enemy army

3. Siege of Kazan

3.1. Construction of lines of siege structures

3.2. Preparation for the assault on the city (undermining)

4. Decisive assault on Kazan 02.10.1552

5. Events after the capture of Kazan

6. The final accession of the Kazan Khanate to Russia.

Page 68. Working with the map

1. Show on the map the campaigns of the troops of Ivan IV to Kazan and Astrakhan.

2. Show on the map the territory of the Siberian Khanate and its capital Kashlyk.

3. Show on the map the territory of Russia after the end of the Livonian War.

Page 69. Studying documents

One cannot but agree with the assessment given by the author of the text to Yermak's campaign. As a result of the campaign, the borders of the Russian state were significantly expanded, lands rich in minerals were annexed, which in the future will ensure the successful development of the country and its economy.

Page 69. Studying documents

What events of the storming of Kazan are described in the above fragment?

The above fragment describes the undermining of the fortress wall and the beginning of the assault on Kazan.

Page 69. Think, compare, reflect

1. How did the expansion of the territory of Russia under Ivan IV affect its international position?

The expansion of the territory of Russia under Ivan IV had a beneficial effect on its international position. She strengthened her position in the south, southeast, and established trade relations with eastern countries.

2. The place of death and burial of Yermak is a mystery for historians. Using the Internet, select one of the versions of the place of his death and prepare a message justifying the need to organize a research expedition to the proposed area.

Cossack ataman Ermak Timofeevich died on August 6, 1585. According to a popular legend, he drowned in the Irtysh River, which he tried to swim across, fleeing from an attack by a detachment of the Siberian Khan Kuchum. At that moment, the ataman was wearing two heavy chain mail, donated by Tsar Ivan the Terrible in gratitude for the Siberian campaign. According to Tatar legends, Yermak was mortally wounded with a spear in the throat by the Tatar hero Kutugay.

According to legend, Yermak's body was soon fished out of the Irtysh by a Tatar fisherman "Yanysh, Begishev's grandson." Many noble murzas, as well as Kuchum himself, came to look at the body of the ataman. The Tatars shot the body with bows for several days and feasted. But, according to eyewitnesses, his body lay in the open air for a month and did not even begin to decompose. Later, having divided his property, in particular, taking two chain mail donated by the Tsar of Moscow, he was buried in the village, which is now called Baishevo. They buried him in a place of honor, but behind the cemetery, since he was not a Muslim. There is no consensus on the place of burial in the sources. A number of researchers argue that the grave should be looked for in Bashkortostan.

1 version about the burial place

As the leader of the expedition, Alexander Adamov, explained in an interview, the search for the place was carried out according to a map compiled in 1806 by the provincial surveyor Vasily Filimonov based on a survey of local residents. “On his map, Filimonov indicated that Yermak’s grave is located on a hill near the forest, where arable land passes. We checked this information and indeed, in the area of ​​​​the village of Begishevskoye, we found a hill. It is located not far from the place where, according to the legends, Yermak took his last fight,” the scientist said.

Adamov noted that the height indicated on the map of the 19th century turned out to be untouched by the Irtysh River, which overflows during the spring flood. “We have already found burials of the 10th-11th centuries on the hill. Now we want to explore it by geoscanning to find other burials in its bowels. After the results of geoscanning are received, we will carry out point excavations,” the archaeologist explained.

2 version about the place of burial

Recently, a burial was found in Bashkiria, in which, perhaps, the legendary ataman Ermak Timofeevich was buried. An ancient grave was found on the outskirts of the Kirgiz-Miyaki settlement. According to the results of the examination, she is about five hundred years old, which coincides with the date of Yermak's death. The assumption that in the vicinity of the regional center of Kirghiz-Miyaki on a high mound was found the grave of Yermak, was put forward by Chelyabinsk historians. They were excavating on a high mountain and came across an ancient grave. Radiocarbon analysis of the remains showed that the age of the burial is about 500 years old, it contains the remains of an unknown man of Slavic origin, buried in accordance with the Orthodox tradition.

"There was a version that this is neither more nor less, but the grave of Yermak Timofeevich. This is such a beautiful, romantic version, which is confirmed, for example, by the ancient Bashkir shezheres - family trees," says Gayaz Samigulov, Associate Professor of the Eurasia Department of South Ural University . Local historians indirectly confirmed the version of historians: the mountain with an ancient grave is really revered by local residents. In ancient legends, it is mentioned that a noble Russian was buried in it, but who exactly was still a mystery. Historians are in no hurry to draw conclusions. Who 500 years ago might need to carry the body of the ataman a thousand kilometers and carefully hide the traces of his grave is unknown.

I think that it is necessary to organize expeditions to both regions.

3. What peoples became part of the Russian state in the 16th century? Calculate how many centuries have passed since the annexation of the Volga region and Siberia to Russia to the present day.

The peoples that became part of the Russian state in the 16th century: Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Maris, Udmurts, Mordovians, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Karaites, Turks, Nogais.

Five centuries have passed since the annexation of the Volga region and Siberia to Russia to the present day.

4. How did the accession to Russia of the peoples of the Volga and Siberia affected their economic and cultural development?

The accession to Russia of the peoples of the Volga region and Siberia influenced their economic and cultural development well. Agriculture, trade, culture began to develop on these lands, it became safe to live.

5. Based on historical knowledge, confirm that Russia has evolved over the centuries as a multinational state and that the peculiarity of its development is the mutual influence of peoples, cultures and civilizations.

Russia has evolved over the centuries as a multinational state and a feature of its development is the mutual influence of peoples, cultures and civilizations because the annexed territories were not robbed as the territories of colonies captured by European states, the laws of the Russian state were gradually established here, but the religion, customs, traditions of the local population were preserved. In such conditions, the mutual enrichment of peoples took place.

General reasons for Russia's military actions against the Livonian Order and the Tatar states: the struggle for access to sea trade routes, ensuring safe trade.

7. Using additional literature and the Internet, find out which of the knightly orders have survived to this day. Prepare an electronic presentation about one of them (no more than 5 slides).

Source Russian Empire: all the facts and history.

On August 5, 1585, the detachment stopped for the night. It was a dark night, it was pouring rain. The Cossacks who participated in the expedition later recalled how, awakened in the middle of the night, they were "horrified" and started to run, while others remained lying, beaten "on the camps."

According to local legend, a Tatar scout took three squeakers and three bags from the sleeping Cossacks and delivered them to the khan. Then Kuchum attacked Yermak's camp at midnight. In order not to make a fuss, the Tatars began to choke the sleeping Russians. But Yermak woke up and made his way through the crowd of enemies to the shore. He jumped into a plow standing near the shore, one of the soldiers of Kuchum rushed after him, armed with a spear; in a fight, the ataman began to overcome the Tatar, but was hit in the throat and died. Yermak's squad fled in plows, and only a few perished in the night battle.

The first Siberian expedition lasted three years. Hunger and deprivation, severe frosts, battles and dangers - nothing could stop the free Cossacks, break their will to win. For three years, a small squad did not know defeat in the face of numerous enemies. In the last night skirmish, the thinned detachment retreated, having suffered few losses, but he lost his experienced leader. Without him, the expedition could not continue.

Having reached Isker, the Cossacks gathered military circles and decided to immediately return to their homeland. Yermak brought 540 fighters to Siberia. With Ataman Alexandrov, 25 people went to Moscow. Of the entire detachment, only 90 Cossacks survived. With ataman Matvey Meshcheryak, they descended on plows to the Ob and from there went through the Pechora route to Rus'.

Several more years passed before Moscow organized an expedition to Pelym. T when the routes from Vishera to Lozva were mastered, more convenient and easier than Tagil. The Ural Range was finally conquered. Detachments of Cossacks, military people, Russian peasant migrants moved beyond the passes.

Ermak's Siberian campaign was a harbinger of numerous expeditions of the 17th century, which made it possible to explore vast expanses in the northeast of the Asian continent. Yermak's Cossacks paved the way to Western Siberia. Pathfinders followed their footsteps to the east. They had the honor of brilliant geographical discoveries in Siberia and the Far East. Their campaigns enriched the geographical knowledge of mankind, expanded the horizons of contemporaries.

Interest in Yermak's expedition never dried up. Its history is overgrown with many legends. The leader of the Cossacks became one of the most beloved heroes of folk songs and legends.

Ermak's unprecedented three-year odyssey made a significant contribution to the great cause of the development of Siberia.