"Stolypin's Agrarian Reform" presentation for a history lesson (grade 11) on the topic. "Stolypin's agrarian reform" presentation for a history lesson (grade 11) on the topic Download presentation on the topic of Stolypin's agrarian reform
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P.A. Stolypin (1862-1911) P.A. Stolypin was born in 1862 into a noble family. At the age of 22 he graduated from St. Petersburg University. In 1902 he became governor of Grodno, and in 1903 of Saratov. In 1906 he became Minister of the Interior, then Prime Minister. “You need great upheavals, we need a great Russia” “Give the state 20 years of internal and external peace, and you will not recognize today’s Russia”
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Assassination attempt on P.A. Stolypin Explosion on August 12, 1906 at P.A. Stolypin’s dacha on Aptekarsky Island in St. Petersburg: 27 people died; 32 people were wounded (including the daughter and son of P.A. Stolypin)
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Government program (August 24, 1906) “Calming the country” Declaration of martial law in some areas of the country with the introduction of military courts in them In 1906-1910. According to the sentences of military field and military district courts, about 4 thousand people were executed, 26 thousand people were sent to hard labor on political charges “Reforms” Agrarian reform Introduction of freedom of religion Establishment of civil equality Improvement of the living conditions of workers Local government reform Reform of higher and secondary schools Introduction of universal primary education Improvement of material support for public teaching Police reform “Stolypin tie”
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The goal of the agrarian reform is to create a class of landowners as a social support for the autocracy and an opponent of revolutionary movements. Economically. Socially and politically. Increasing the well-being of the peasantry through the development of agriculture.
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The main directions of the agrarian reform Destruction of the community Farm Peasants are private owners of their plot Cut Creation of a land fund from state and imperial lands Widespread construction of rural schools and the involvement of huge masses of the population in the public education system Creation of new forms of land ownership and land use State assistance to peasant farms (creation of the Peasant Bank) Resettlement of peasants Development of peasant cooperation
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The goals of destroying the community of peasants who have become owners of land and are busy with their farming will be difficult for revolutionaries to rebel at. Create a wide layer of small owners and thereby ensure stability in society Changes in village culture Distracting peasants from the idea of seizing and dividing landowners' land
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Farm - a plot of land allocated to a peasant when he leaves the community with relocation from the village to his own plot. Cut - a plot of land allocated to a peasant when leaving the community while maintaining his yard in the village. Cooperative - a production or trade and purchasing organization created for joint farming several participants or organizations, as well as to make a profit in the interests of all participants in the association Concepts
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Resettlement policy Goals: Easing land hunger in the internal provinces; Remove dissatisfied peasants to the outskirts; Development of empty lands in Siberia Benefits for resettlers: Tax exemption for 5 years; Obtaining ownership of land (5 hectares for the head of the family, 45 hectares for the rest of the family members); Exemption of men from military service Significance: The population of Siberia has increased; Development of empty lands; Creation of strong individual farms Due to poor organization of resettlement policy, 17% of peasants returned back
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Results of the agrarian reform: 2 million peasant households left the community (25-27%); By 1915, the number of farms did not exceed 10% of all peasant farms; An average increase of 10% in sown areas; Increase in grain exports by 35%; Doubling the amount of mineral fertilizers used; Purchases of agricultural machinery by peasants increased 3.5 times; The annual growth rate of industrial production was the highest in the world (8.8%); 3 million 40 thousand people moved to Siberia; The settlers reclaimed 30 million acres of virgin land; By the beginning of 1917, there were 63 thousand different cooperatives in Russia; Rural cooperation served 94 million people
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Results and significance of the agrarian reform + - 1. Growth of agricultural production and improvement of land management (grain harvest increased 1.7 times). 2. The growth of free labor due to the exit of poor peasants from the community. 3. Development of entrepreneurship of the rural bourgeoisie. 4. The beginning of the formation of farms (by 1915, 10% of the peasant economy). 1. The community was not destroyed (25% of peasants). 2. Property stratification of peasants. 3. Negative attitude of the majority of peasants towards private property. 4. Contradiction not only between peasants and landowners, but also within the peasantry. 5. It was not possible to create a broad layer of peasant farmers. 6. The problem of land shortage has not been solved. 7. The resettlement policy did not bring the desired results (0.5 - 1 million people returned).
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Reasons for the incompleteness of reforms Short time period Resistance from the right and left political forces Complex relationships between the circle of the tsar and P.A. Stolypin Assassination of P.A. Stolypin in September 1911 The outbreak of World War I Consequences of the agrarian reform Acceleration of the process of stratification of the peasantry; Restrictions on the development of capitalism in the countryside have been lifted
municipal budgetary educational institution
"Nadezhdi Secondary School
named after full holder of the Order of Glory V.R. Platonov
Kaybitsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan"
Agrarian reform P.A. Stolypin
Development of a history lesson in 11th grade
Completed by a history and social studies teacher
Kuznetsova Oksana Aleksandrovna
2013
Lesson objectives:
Introduce students to the goals, content and significance of P.A. Stolypin’s reforms;
Continue to develop the skills to participate in discussions, express your point of view with reason, work with documents and questions in the form of the Unified State Exam, and draw conclusions independently;
To instill in students a respectful attitude towards the history of their state, patriotic feelings, and to develop a sense of pride in their Motherland.
Basic Concepts: farm, cut, cooperation, resettlement policy
Lesson type : lesson - workshop.
Lesson equipment: textbook by N.V. Zagladin “History of Russia and the world in the 20th century” (§6-7), handouts for the lesson (documents), interactive whiteboard, multimedia presentation, notebook.
During the classes.
- Organizing time.
- Updating students' basic knowledge
Students complete tasks that are projected onto the interactive whiteboard in a notebook, and then on the board. (slides 3-5). The tasks correspond to the questions of parts B and C from the KIMs of the Unified State Examination in history: analysis of a historical source, arrangement of events in chronological sequence, establishment of the correct correspondence.
- Studying a new topic.
Plan.
- Reasons for reforms and objectives of reforms.
Conversation with students on the following questions:
- What is one of the main reasons for the first Russian revolution?
- Was the agrarian question resolved during the revolution?
- What changes did the peasants achieve during the first Russian revolution?
Teacher: (slide 6) The personality of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin has never been clear. During the period of severe social upheaval of the early twentieth century, he constantly walked on the razor's edge, constantly risking not only his life, but also those who were closest to him in the world. Was this risk justified? Who was he during his lifetime: an evil demon of the Russian Empire or a locomotive of history? Were the draconian methods he resorted to necessary, and what made him so tough? Questions, questions...
Student's message about Stolypin.
(Slide 8) The reform program conceived by P.A. Stolypin covered a variety of sectors, including changes in the systems of local self-government and education. Stolypin considered his important task to be the suppression of the revolutionary movement. Military courts were introduced, trying cases of terrorism in a simplified manner, without the participation of lawyers. (Slide 9)
Like the opponents of the tsarist regime, Prime Minister P.A. Stolypin saw the main problem in the agrarian issue. I want to read to you an excerpt from a speech in the State Duma by P.A. Stolypin, and you answer the question what goals the head of government pursued.
“Having spent about 10 years in the business of land management, I came to the deep conviction that this business requires hard work, long-term menial work. This issue cannot be resolved, it must be resolved. In Western countries, this took decades. We offer a modest but true path. Opponents of statehood would like to choose the path of radicalism, the path of liberation from Russia’s historical past, liberation from cultural traditions. They need great upheavals, we need a great Russia!” P.A. Stolypin
(slide 10)
- Main directions of agrarian reform.
Student assignment:
Read fragments of the “Decree of November 9, 1906” and formulate “The main directions of P.A. Stolypin’s agrarian reform”
Conversation with students on questions about the document (USE tasks C 1-3)
S. What is the “mechanism” for peasants leaving the community?
S. What do you think was the reason for the destruction of the peasant community?
C. What is the purpose of the government's agrarian reform? (write in notebook). (Slide 11)
- Reasons for the reform: The first Russian revolution showed that the main issue was the agrarian question; the peasants did not support the autocracy.
- Reform goals:
A) Creation of a strong social base for the autocracy in the person of a strong, prosperous peasantry (“grimy landlord”) while maintaining landownership;
B) Development of capitalist relations in the countryside, destruction of the community, transfer of land to peasants as private property; creation of farmsteads and farms;
C) Formation of a wide market for industry;
D) Relocation of revolutionary-minded, land-poor peasants from the center to the outskirts.
(slide 12) Interstrip (also narrow-strip, multi-strip, long-strip) - arrangement of land plots of one farm in strips interspersed with other people’s plots
Direction of reform development. (13 slide)
- Destruction of the community, consolidation of land into the private ownership of peasants, their complete equalization with other classes.
- Assistance to peasants through the Peasant Bank for the purchase of state or noble lands. Creation of farms, cuts. The emergence of farming.
- Resettlement of landless and land-poor peasants from the center to the outskirts (Siberia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Far East).
November 9, 1906 - decree on transferring his allotment to the peasant as his property.
Stolypin said that “the government relied not on the wretched and drunk, but on the strong and powerful.”
4.Methods:
A) Reforms began in favorable conditions:
Bread prices rose;
Cancellation of redemption payments.
B) The community was destroyed.
C) The land became private property, which they could pass on by inheritance.
D) The peasant could demand 1. Farm. 2. Bran.
Thus, the reform was beneficial to rich peasants who had the money to create large farmsteads. The majority of peasants did not see obvious benefits from the reform. Even help from the Peasant Bank did not help.
For 1904-1914 26% of peasant households left the community, 10.5% went to farmsteads and cuts, 11.7% went to the city.
Working with terms(Unified State Exam Part B tasks):
Establish a correspondence between concepts and their definitions. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Concepts | Definitions |
A) cut | 1) a form of organization of labor and production based on group ownership, a form of connections between enterprises engaged in the production of certain products |
B) farm | 2) a plot of land allocated to a peasant upon leaving the community with the preservation of his yard in the village |
B) cooperation | 3) peasants resettled from the central provinces to free government lands beyond the Urals |
D) migrants | 4) a plot of land allocated to a peasant upon leaving the community, with resettlement from the village to his own plot |
- Results and significance of the agrarian reform of P.A. Stolypin.
Teacher: in historiography and journalism, very different points of view have developed on the policies of P.A. Stolypin(tasks in Unified State Examination C5 format).
C5. Below are two points of view on the agricultural transformations of P.A. Stolypin.
- The reforms laid the foundations for the stable development of the Russian village
- Transformations P.A. Stolypin only worsened social problems in Russia.
Indicate which point of view seems most preferable to you. Provide at least 3 facts and provisions that can serve as arguments confirming your chosen point of view.
Working with a fragment of a document (tasks in the Unified State Examination format C1 - C3).
Lobanov E.V. Pyotr Stolypin: evolution of economic views (see Appendix No. 3)
Questions for the document.
- Briefly (in two or three sentences) formulate and write down in your notebook the main assessment of P.A.’s agrarian reform. Stolypin as the author of the article.
- What does the author see as the reason for the failure of agrarian reform?
A) The peasants did not want to take the land for the following reasons:
The community took upon itself the care of each member of the community;
Most peasants did not know how to farm on their own;
The patriarchal way of life of peasants is being destroyed.
B) Resettlement policy.
Peasants were provided with numerous benefits for those wishing to move to new places:
Forgiveness of all arrears;
Low prices for train tickets;
Tax exemption for 5 years;
Interest-free loan from 100 to 400 rubles per yard.
B) positive results.
According to modern researcher V.G. Sirotkin, through the efforts of Stolypin farmers, productivity in the country increased by 14% from 1906 to 1915, and in Siberia by 25%. By 1914, Stolypin farmers were ahead of the community in the supply of marketable products to the city and for export: Russian grain exports in 1912 were almost 30% higher than the exports of Argentina, Canada and the United States combined, amounting to 15.5 million tons. in year.
The reform marked the beginning of private ownership of land among a huge mass of peasants.
The influx of bankrupt peasants replenished the labor market, and the demand for agricultural products increased.
All this contributed to the development of industry, trade, i.e. development of capitalism in Russia.
D) Half-heartedness, incompleteness of the reform. Why?
It was carried out by a bureaucratic apparatus that has proven its ability to ruin any idea in the bud.
Stolypin did not take into account the psychology of the peasants.
Point of view
« The main difficulty in carrying out the Stolypin agrarian reform was rooted not so much in technical and land surveying problems, but in the collectivist psychology of the peasantry. Most peasants did not know how to act individually, like farmers, at risk, and were afraid of losing the help of the community in the struggle for survival. And so, when Stolypin offered the peasants a crane in the sky - a farm and a cut, even opened a special Peasant Bank, the Russian peasant preferred the bird in his hands - he remained in the community. “I can’t live without a haymower, but if I wear myself out and die, the community will keep the kids warm. Well, who will help on the farm? Where will the hostess run and gossip? A village three miles away"
Stolypin stated that for the success of transformations, “twenty years of internal and external peace” are necessary. But Russia no longer had such a reserve of time at the beginning of the 20th century.
The reform strengthened the position of the rich peasantry, but did not resolve the main contradictions in the countryside:
1) Landownership was preserved;
2) The community was not completely destroyed;
3) A new contradiction arose between the poor peasantry and the wealthy (kulaks).
- Conclusion.
So, who is he, Stolypin? "Hangman"? "Reactionary"? "Liberal Conservative"? "Reformer"?
Express your point of view.
Consolidation.
Video
Completing the test on the topic: Reforms of P.A. Stolypin (see Appendix No. 4).
Homework:§6-7, p. 68-72 (all students)
Additional task for strong students: C6 Indicate the lifetime of the historical figure, give a brief description of the main directions and results of his activities (events, achievements)
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History lesson in 11th grade Performed by the history teacher of the MBOU "Nadezhdinskaya Secondary School" Kuznetsova Oksana Aleksandrovna Stolypin reforms
Lesson objectives - To get acquainted with the goals, content and significance of P.A. Stolypin’s reforms. - Continue to develop the skills to participate in discussions, express your point of view with reason, work with documents and questions in the form of the Unified State Exam, and draw conclusions independently. - To instill in students a respectful attitude towards the history of their state, patriotic feelings, and to develop a sense of pride in their Motherland.
Read a passage from a historical source and briefly answer the questions. Use information from the source in your answers, as well as knowledge from the history course. “Dear mother, how much I suffered before this, you can’t imagine!.. One of two ways seemed possible: appoint an energetic military man and try with all our might to crush sedition, then there would be a respite, and again in a few months we would have to use force; but it would cost a torrent of blood and would ultimately lead to the present situation, i.e. the authority of the authorities would be shown, but the result would remain the same and forward reforms could not be carried out. Another way is to provide civil rights to the population - freedom of speech, press, assembly and union, and personal integrity; in addition, the obligation to pass every bill through the State Duma is essentially the constitution... There were few of us who fought against it. But support in this struggle did not come from anywhere, every day more and more people turned away from us, and in the end the inevitable happened. Nevertheless, in good conscience, I prefer to give everything at once, rather than be forced in the near future to give in on little things and still end up with the same thing.” 1. Name the author of the letter. In what year did this document appear? 2. Indicate in connection with what events this document appeared? What reforms (“concessions”) was the author forced to agree to?
Place the events in chronological order: 1. The beginning of the Russo-Japanese War 2. Monetary reform S.Yu. Witte 3. “Bloody Sunday” 4. December armed uprising in Moscow 5. Manifesto of Nicholas II on the granting of democratic rights and freedoms to society
Set the correct match: 1. P.N. Miliukov A) Octobrist 2. A.I. Guchkov B) Menshevik 3. L. Martov C) cadet 4. V.M. Chernov D) Bolshevik D) Socialist Revolutionary
Reforms of P. A. Stolypin “A strong personal owner is needed to rebuild our kingdom, to rebuild it on strong monarchical foundations.” P. A. Stolypin
Concepts: Cut Khutor Dates and events: 1906-1911 - P. A. Stolypin at the head of the Council of Ministers, Stolypin agrarian reform. The manifesto of November 3, 1905 abolished redemption payments, the decree of November 9, 1906, which allowed peasants to leave the community and consolidate the land into personal ownership.
On March 6, 1907, P. A. Stolypin spoke before the Second State Duma outlining the government reform program. It was supposed to carry out reforms in: The agricultural sector The sphere of rights and freedoms of conscience (transition from one religion to another, the law on Old Believer communities, etc.). 3. Reforms in the legal sphere (bills on personal integrity were promised 4. Administrative reform (introduction of volost zemstvo) 5. Labor reform (trade union and state insurance) 6. Educational reform (universal primary education) 7. Military reform
The introduction of military courts in cases of terrorism and armed robbery, which provided for a simplified form of legal proceedings. The cases were considered over two days behind closed doors, the sentence came into force immediately and was carried out within 24 hours. In many areas of the country, a “martial” or “special” state was introduced, and expulsions without trial increased. Repressive stage 3,825 people were executed, and 26 thousand people were sent to hard labor (for comparison: the Socialist Revolutionaries killed 4,126 people during the terror; the target of the assassination attempts was at most two dozen officials, the rest were killed accidentally during these attempts). An attempt was made to curtail the autonomy of universities. In 1906-1911 500 trade unions were closed, and the remaining ones saw a sharp decline in membership. 978 newspapers and magazines were banned. The main instrument of reform was the whip, bayonet and gallows (“Stolypin ties”).
P. A. Stolypin considered the main goal of his reforms to be the creation of a “great Russia.” This program slogan implied, among other things, the preservation of the integrity and unity of the Russian Empire with the primacy of the Russian nation in it. Therefore, the government sought to eliminate those few concessions that were wrested from the national borderlands during the revolution. Thus, the policy pursued by P. A. Stolypin strengthened the process of bourgeois transformation of the social structure of Russian society with the prospect of strengthening the foundations of the rule of law and civil society. The destruction of the patriarchal attitudes of the Russian peasantry and the inculcation of bourgeois stereotypes of behavior that he conceived required considerable time, and the reformer himself understood this.
Agrarian reform P.A. Stolypin The main goals of Stolypin's reform were the following: the development of capitalist relations in the countryside, the destruction of the community, the transfer of land to peasants as private property, the creation of farmsteads and farms; formation of a wide market for industry; resettlement of revolutionary-minded, land-poor peasants from the center to the outskirts. the creation of a strong social base for the autocracy in the person of a strong, prosperous peasant;
Adoption of a decree on November 9, 1906 on the transfer of allotments to private property Elimination of striped land Creation of farms and cuts Destruction of the community Creation of a peasant bank Mass resettlement, in which the bulk of the settlers to the east were previously landless or land-poor Russian poor peasants, but also Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars and even Estonians and Poles Main events:
The reform was carried out in three directions: the destruction of the community, the consolidation of land into the private ownership of peasants, their complete equalization with other classes; assistance to peasants through the Peasant Bank for the purchase of state or noble lands; creation of farms and cuts; the emergence of a highly productive, free farming economy; resettlement of landless or land-poor peasants from the center to the outskirts (Siberia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Far East).
Measures to destroy the community: The land was given to the peasants as private property, which they could pass on by inheritance. The peasant could demand that all plots be reduced to a single plot - a cut. A peasant could move outside the village onto the land allocated to him and found a farm, which Stolypin considered the ideal form of land ownership
Concepts Definitions A) cut 1) a form of organization of labor and production based on group ownership, a form of connections between enterprises engaged in the production of certain products B) farm 2) a plot of land allocated to a peasant upon leaving the community with the preservation of his yard in the village C) cooperation 3 ) peasants resettled from the central provinces to free state-owned lands beyond the Urals D) migrants 4) a plot of land allocated to a peasant upon leaving the community, with resettlement from the village to his own plot A B C D
The reform, of course, was beneficial to rich peasants who had the money to create large farmsteads. The majority of peasants did not see obvious benefits from the reform. Even the help of the Peasant Bank, which provided a large loan for the purchase of land, did not equalize the situation. The peasant who took out the loan often went bankrupt and lost his land. Nevertheless, during the period from 1907 to 1914, 26% of peasant households left the community and took land, that is, more than a quarter of the community members. 10.5% of households went to farms and farms, and 11.7% of peasants sold their land and went to the city. The peasants did not want to take land into private ownership for the following reasons: The community was a powerful means of social protection; most peasants did not know how to farm individually at their own peril and risk; The patriarchal way of life of peasants was destroyed.
The task of the resettlement administration was to resolve the issue of overpopulation in the central provinces of Russia. The main areas of resettlement were Siberia, Central Asia, the Far East and the North Caucasus. The government strongly encouraged the settlement of these regions. All obstacles were removed and a serious incentive was created for resettlement to the developed areas of the country. Loans issued to immigrants quadrupled compared to the period 1900-1904. Travel was free, specially designed, “Stolypin” carriages allowed you to carry livestock and property.
Results. Landownership was preserved, the rural community was not destroyed, most peasants cultivated the land with primitive tools. About 500 thousand migrants returned to their previous place of residence out of more than 3.5 million people. The Stolypin reform marked the beginning of private ownership of land among a huge mass of peasants. The influx of bankrupt peasants into the city increased the labor market and the demand for agricultural products increased. This contributed to the development of industry and trade. In general, the reform contributed to the development of capitalism in Russia. The reform did not resolve the main contradictions in the village.
Slide 2
Sources used:
S. G. Pushkarev, “Review of Russian History” E. V. Anisimov “History of Russia from Rurik to Putin. People. Events. Dates." www.abc-people.com
Slide 3
Stolypin Peter Arkadevich (1862-1911)
In 1903-06, the Saratov governor led the suppression of peasant unrest in the province during. Since 1906, Minister of Internal Affairs and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire. Under the leadership of Stolypin, a number of major bills were developed, including on the reform of local self-government, the introduction of universal primary education, and on religious tolerance. In 1911, he was mortally wounded by D. G. Bogrov (he was associated with anarchists and other extreme left groups). Operating principles: calm and reform. “Give the state 20 years of internal and external peace, and you will not recognize today’s Russia.” “You need great upheavals, but we need a great Russia.” I bet on the lower classes.
Slide 4
The first stage is the abolition of serfdom. Does not lead to the progress of private property: the planting of communal structures in the countryside is contrary to free peasant property. The concept of Stolypin's reforms is the path to the development of a mixed, multi-structure economy - state forms of economy compete with collective and private ones.
Slide 5
Main goals of the reform:
Solving the problem of land shortage among the peasants of Central Russia. Overcoming the backwardness of the countryside - eliminating feudal-serfdom remnants (destruction of the community). Creation of a social support for the autocracy - peasant owners, farmers (farmers, Otrubniks). Elimination of social tension.
Slide 6
Components of the program:
the transition to farmsteads and cuttings, the use of cooperation, the development of land reclamation, the organization of cheap credit for peasants, the resettlement of peasants to underdeveloped territories, the formation of an agricultural party that would represent the interests of small landowners.
Slide 7
Destruction of the community and development of private property.
The decree of November 9, 1906 proclaimed the predominance of the fact of sole ownership of land over the legal right of use. *(Peasants receive the right to leave the community with land.) Cuts, farms. To avoid land speculation and concentration of property, the maximum size of individual land ownership is limited; the sale of land to non-peasants is allowed.
Slide 8
Law of June 5, 1912 - permission to issue a loan secured by any allotment land acquired by peasants. The development of various forms of credit: mortgage, reclamation, agricultural, land management - contributed to the intensification of market relations in the countryside. In 1907 - 1915 25% of householders declared separation from the community, but 20% actually separated - 2008.4 thousand householders. New forms of land tenure became widespread: farms and cuts. On January 1, 1916, there were already 1221.5 thousand of them.
Slide 9
P.A. Stolypin inspects farm gardens near Moscow in April 1910.
Slide 10
P. A. Stolypin visiting the kulak.
Slide 11
Peasant Bank.
Active purchase and sale of land to peasants on preferential terms. Increasing and reducing the cost of credit. * The bank paid more interest on its obligations than the peasants paid it. The difference in payment was covered by subsidies from the budget. The Bank actively influenced the forms of land ownership: for peasants who acquired land as their sole property, payments were reduced. * Until 1906, the bulk of land buyers were peasant collectives; by 1913, 79.7% of buyers were individual peasants.
Slide 12
Relocation of peasants to Siberia.
By decree of March 10, 1906, everyone was given the right to resettle. Allocation of funds for the resettlement of migrants in new places, for their medical care and public needs, for the construction of roads. In 1906-1913, 2792.8 thousand people moved beyond the Urals. 12% of the migrants were unable to adapt.
Slide 13
Results: A huge leap in the economic and social development of Siberia. *The population of this region increased by 153% during the years of colonization.
Slide 14
Russian settlers in the Samarkand province of the Turkestan general governorship.
Slide 15
“On the road...the death of a migrant”
Slide 16
Cooperative movement.
Credit cooperation is spreading. Qualified personnel of small loan inspectors are being created, significant loans are being issued through state banks for initial loans to credit partnerships - the government has stimulated the cooperative movement. Rural credit partnerships, accumulating their own capital, developed independently.
Slide 17
Results. A wide network of small peasant credit institutions, savings and loan banks and credit partnerships was created to service the cash flow of peasant farms. Credit relations gave a strong impetus to the development of production, consumer and marketing cooperatives. Peasants on a cooperative basis created artels, agricultural societies, consumer shops, etc.
Slide 18
Agricultural activities.
Providing large-scale agro-economic assistance. The creation of agro-industrial services for peasants, who organized training courses on cattle breeding and dairy production, and the introduction of progressive forms of agricultural production. Progress of the system of out-of-school agricultural education
Slide 19
Main events:
1. The right to leave the peasant community. 2. Equalization of peasants in civil rights with other classes. 3. Peasants received the right to allotment of land as personal property in one place. Cut - a plot of land allocated from communal land into individual peasant ownership. A farm is a separate peasant estate on an individual plot of land. 4. Creation of a Peasant Bank to support the wealthy peasantry (otrubniks and farmers). 5. To provide the peasants with land, the state gave them part of the state, cabinet, and appanage lands, and facilitated the purchase of land through the Peasant Bank.
Slide 20
6. Peasants received the right to sell and mortgage allotment lands. 7. Resettlement of land-poor peasants from central regions to state-owned lands in sparsely populated areas of Siberia and the Urals. - the peasants were forgiven of arrears, - they were exempted from paying taxes for 5 years and military service, - they were given interest-free loans, - they were provided with railway tickets, etc.
Slide 21
Results of the reform.
1. Growth of agricultural production and improvement of land use culture. 2. The growth of free labor due to the exit of poor peasants from the community. 3. Development of entrepreneurship of the rural bourgeoisie. 4. The reform helped partially relieve social tension in the village.
Slide 22
However, the problems of hunger and agricultural overpopulation were not solved. The country still suffered from technical, economic and cultural backwardness.
Slide 23
Reform failures.
1. It was not possible to create a broad layer of peasant farmers (10% of the peasants switched to farmsteads and cuts). 2. It was not possible to destroy the peasant community (21% of householders left the community). Of the 10 million peasant farms, 2.5 million have secured their plots as personal property. The rest remained in the community. 3. It was not possible to escape from the shortage of land. 4. More than 3.5 million peasants moved beyond the Urals. Only 1.5 million became peasants on the new lands. About 1 million returned. More than 1 million became workers and farm laborers in new places.
Slide 24
Reasons for failure.
The withdrawal of peasants from the community did not become widespread: 1. The unsuitability of some lands for farm farming. 2. Vitality of community orders. 3. Preservation of landownership. Unsuccessful resettlement policy. 1. Insufficiently well-organized move. 2. Diseases. 3. Harsh climatic conditions. 4. Difficulties in mastering new farming techniques. 5. Murder of P.A. Stolypin on September 1, 1911.
Slide 25
The main reason was the resistance of the peasantry to the implementation of the new agrarian policy, the lack of funds allocated for land management and resettlement, poor organization of land management work, and the rise of the labor movement in 1910-1914.
Slide 26
Reform assessment.
The reforms were never fully implemented. Their implementation had to be comprehensive, and the maximum effect should be observed in the long term. The assessment of the reform is different in different historical periods: contemporaries: the majority - negatively, the USSR - are forced to agree with the negative assessment given by Lenin, Modern specialists - positively.
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Stolypin's agrarian reform Compiled by: 11th grade student Zhernakova Anastasia
MKOU KhMR Secondary School, Nyalinskoye village
- The main task of the reform is to create a rich peasantry, imbued with the idea of property and therefore not in need of revolution, acting as a support for the government.
- Economic aspects of reforms were based on the fact that without a normal agrarian foundation, without prosperous agriculture, without millions of former peasants and cheap labor spilling out from the countryside into the labor market, Russian industry would be doomed to a stunted life with constant “feeding” in the form of government orders.
- make peasants full-fledged owners;
- achieve enhanced industrial growth, supported by the development of the domestic market.
- According to Article 1 of the law of June 14, 1910, “every householder who owns an allotment of land under communal law may at any time demand that the portion of the said land due to him be consolidated as his personal property.”
- An important instrument for the destruction of the community and the establishment of small private property was credit bank . Through it, the state helped many peasant families acquire land. The bank sold on credit land previously purchased from landowners or owned by the state. At the same time, the loan for an individual farm was half as much as for loans to the community. Between 1905 and 1914 9.5 million hectares of land passed into the hands of peasants in this way.
- by creating a developed infrastructure;
- the peasant also received assistance in the form of seeds, livestock, and equipment - all this could only be used on the farm. In the “state-peasant” connection, the reseller-trader was excluded.
- opposition from the peasantry;
- lack of allocated funds for land development and resettlement;
- poor organization of land management work. The main reason was the resistance of the peasantry to the new agrarian policy.
- The reform failed. It achieved neither the economic nor the political goals that were set for it. The village, with its farmsteads and farmsteads, remained as poor as before Stolypin. Although, it is necessary to cite the figures cited by G. Popov; they show that some shifts in a positive direction were observed: from 1905 to 1913. the volume of annual purchases of agricultural machinery has increased 2-3 times. Grain production in Russia in 1913 exceeded by a third the volume of grain production in the USA, Canada, and Argentina combined. Russian grain exports reached 15 million tons per year in 1912. Oil was exported to England in an amount twice as large as the cost of the entire annual gold production in Siberia. The surplus of grain in 1916 was 1 billion poods.
- But still, according to Popov, The main task - to make Russia a country of farmers - could not be solved. Most peasants continued to live in the community
Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin 1862 – 1911 .
Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was born on April 5, 1862 in Dresden, where his mother was visiting relatives. He spent his childhood and early youth mainly in Lithuania. When it was time to study, my parents bought a house in Vilna,
where Peter studied at the Vilna gymnasium. In 1881, Pyotr Arkadyevich, unexpectedly for many, entered the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, where, in addition to physics and mathematics, he enthusiastically studied chemistry, geology, botany, zoology, and agronomy. It was these sciences, the last among those named, that attracted Stolypin.
In 1885, Stolypin graduated from St. Petersburg Imperial University. His career begins. He was enlisted in the ranks of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin- statesman of the Russian Empire. Over the years, he held the posts of district marshal of the nobility in Kovno, governor of Grodno and Saratov, minister of internal affairs, and prime minister.
In Russian history at the beginning of the 20th century, he is known primarily as a reformer and statesman who played a significant role in suppressing the revolution of 1905-1907. In April 1906, Emperor Nicholas II offered Stolypin the post of Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia. Soon after this, the government was dissolved along with the State Duma of the first convocation, and Stolypin was appointed as the new prime minister.
Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
In his new position, which he held until his death, P.A. Stolypin passed a number of bills. The law on courts-martial adopted by the government on August 19, 1906 toughened punishment for committing serious crimes. Trials in cases of revolutionary terror were carried out within 48 hours, the sentence was carried out within 24 hours. The reason for the introduction of courts-martial was the assassination attempt on Stolypin on August 12, 1906, as a result of which 27 people were killed and 32 were injured, including his son and daughter. He himself miraculously survived. Subsequently, Stolypin was sharply criticized for the harshness of the measures taken.
“To our grief and shame, only execution
few will be prevented by a sea of blood..."
Having headed the executive
power in the midst of revolution,
P. A. Stolypin managed to
relatively short
time frame to withdraw the country from
chaos and provide it
high economic growth
and social development. On
turn of the XIX-XX centuries fast
economic development of Russia
aggravated the old ones and gave rise to
new problems. The most acute
of them still remained
agricultural
Agrarian reform and its historical necessity
The idea of agrarian reform arose as a result of the revolution of 1905-1907, when agrarian unrest intensified, and the activities of the first three State Dumas. Agrarian unrest reached a particular scale in 1905, and the government barely had time to suppress them. Stolypin at this time was the governor of the Saratov province, where the unrest was especially strong due to crop failure. Having become chairman of the Council of Ministers, Stolypin decided to carry out reforms.
Stolypin agrarian reform is a generalized name for a wide range of activities in the field of agriculture carried out by the Russian government under the leadership of P. A. Stolypin, starting in 1906.
Basic goals
development of capitalist relations in
village, community destruction, transfer
to peasants private land
property, creation of farmsteads and
farms;
The main goals of Stolypin's reform were the following:
resettlement of revolutionary-minded people,
land-poor peasants from the center to
creation of a wide market for
industry;
creating a strong social base
autocracy in the person of a strong
a wealthy peasant;
Events
transition of plots to private
own
Elimination of striped grass
Creation of farms and cuts
Main events:
Community destruction
Creation of a peasant bank in 1912
Mass migration, in which the bulk of the settlers to the east were previously landless or land-poor Russian peasants, but also Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars and even Estonians and Poles
Directions of reform
- destruction of community;
- consolidation of land into private ownership of peasants;
- their complete equation with other classes.
- assistance to peasants through the Peasant Bank for the purchase of state or noble lands;
- creation of farms and cuts;
- the emergence of a highly productive, free farming economy.
The reform was carried out in three directions:
- resettlement of landless or land-poor peasants from the center to the outskirts (Siberia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Far East).
Cut - a plot of land allocated to a peasant upon leaving the community with the preservation of his yard in the village.
Khutor - a plot of land allocated to a peasant when he leaves the community and resettles from the village to his own plot.
Reform failures
Failed to create a broad layer of peasant farmers (10% of peasants switched to farms and cuts) .
Failed to destroy the peasant community
(21% of householders left the community) .
Out of 10 million peasant farms, 2.5 million
secured the plot of land as personal property.
The rest remained in the community.
Failures of Stolypin's agrarian reform
It was not possible to escape from the shortage of land.
More than 3.5 million peasants moved beyond the Urals.
Only 1.5 million became peasants on the new lands.
About 1 million returned.
More than 1 million became workers and farm laborers in new places.
Reasons for the failure of the reform
The exit of peasants from the community did not become widespread:
1. Unsuitability of some lands for farming.
2. Vitality of community orders.
3. The war that broke out between farmers and community members.
4. Carrying out reform by administrative methods.
5. Preservation of landownership.
Failed resettlement policy
1. Insufficiently well-organized move.
2. Diseases.
3. Harsh climatic conditions.
4. Difficulties in mastering new farming techniques.
Reasons for the failure of the reform
The reform, of course, was beneficial to rich peasants who had the money to create large farmsteads.
The majority of peasants did not see obvious benefits from the reform.
Even the help of the Peasant Bank, which provided a large loan for the purchase of land, did not equalize the situation.
The peasant who took out the loan often went bankrupt and lost his land. Nevertheless, during the period from 1907 to 1914, 26% of peasant households left the community and took land, that is, more than a quarter of the community members.
10.5% of households went to farms and farms, and 11.7% of peasants sold their land and went to the city.
Landownership was preserved, the rural community was not destroyed, most peasants cultivated the land with primitive tools.
About 500 thousand displaced people returned to their previous place of residence out of more than 3.5 million people
The reform did not resolve the main contradictions in the village.
The Stolypin reform marked the beginning of private ownership of land among a huge mass of peasants.
The influx of bankrupt peasants into the city increased the labor market and the demand for agricultural products increased. This contributed to the development of industry and trade.
In general, the reform contributed to the development of capitalism in Russia.
Results and significance of agrarian reform
Growth of agricultural production and improvement of land use culture.
The growth of free labor due to the exit of poor peasants from the community.
The significance of the reform
Development of entrepreneurship of the rural bourgeoisie.
The reform helped partially relieve social tension in the village.
Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
Among his personal character traits, his fearlessness was especially highlighted by his contemporaries. 11 assassination attempts were planned and carried out on Stolypin. During the last one, committed in Kyiv by Dmitry Bogrov, Stolypin received a mortal wound, from which he died a few days later. Stolypin owns several famous sayings:
Don't be intimidated!
Russia will be able to distinguish the blood on the hands of executioners from the blood on the hands of conscientious doctors.
Give the state 20 years of peace, internal and external, and you will not recognize today's Russia.
Emergency measures, if they become prolonged, lose their force and may adversely affect the people, whose morals should be educated by law.
They need great upheavals, we need Great Russia!
Bury me where they kill me.
On September 1, 1911, at the Kyiv Opera, Prime Minister P.A. Stolypin was mortally wounded by Dmitry Bogrov. Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was buried on September 9 in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.
- Don't wait for Russia to revive From the darkness and chaos of times. An evil crime has been committed Your prime minister is heartbroken. Theater, sold out, proud king in his box, The shine of ladies, the sparkle of epaulets. In Russia, a son, not a nobleman Bagrov aimed the pistol. Russia felt the blow Like a shot at itself. Her strength broke within her, Confidence in the holy struggle...
One of the last photographs of Stolypin. 1911
Opening of the monument to P. A. Stolypin in Kyiv in 1913
