Where is the Far East? Far East of Russia Where in the Far East.

The Far East is traditionally called the territory of Russia located off the coast of the Pacific and partially Arctic oceans, as well as the Kuril, Commander, Shantar Islands and Sakhalin Island. The Far East is a huge territory, 36% of the total area of modern Russia.

Geography and climate

The length of the region from Chukotka to the southwest to the borders of Korea and Japan is 4,500 km. It covers the Arctic Circle, where snow lies all year round. The lands in the northern part of the Far East are bound by permafrost, on which tundra grows. In fact, almost the entire territory of the Far East, except for Primorye and the southern half of Kamchatka, is located in the permafrost zone.

To the south, the climate and nature change significantly. In the south of the Far East, taiga trees coexist with plants from the subtropics (which is not repeated almost anywhere in the world).

Far East. Nature

In the minds of the majority and in fact, the Far East is a vast taiga, mountains and other uneven areas that attract extreme tourists. The Amur, Penzhin, Anadyr and a number of less significant rivers flow here.

The relief of the Far East is highly rugged and is represented predominantly by mountainous forms. Several watershed ridges stand out: Kolyma, Dzhugdzhur, Yablonovoyo and Stanovoy. There are powerful mountain systems, for example: the Tukuringra and Dzhagdy ridges. The peaks of the mountain ranges of the Far East, as a rule, do not exceed 2500 m.

The landscapes of the Far East are very diverse. Plains stretch along its tributaries. In the north and west, these plains are covered with southern taiga forests of special Daurian larch. In the south, on the flat Khanka-Amur lowland, unique Manchurian broad-leaved forests grow. They contain many relict and southern plants: Mongolian oak, Amur linden, white-barked elm, Manchurian ash, hornbeam, cork tree.

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The vast lowlands located between the mountain ranges: Zee-Bureinskaya, Nizhne-Amurskaya, Ussuriyskaya and Prikhankaiskaya are very interesting for their flora and fauna. But in general, plains occupy no more than 25% of the region's area.

Winters are harsh and have little snow, summers are relatively warm and have heavy rainfall. Winter is characterized by weak winds, a lot of sunny days, little snow and severe frosts. Residents of the most remote mainland parts, for example in Transbaikalia, especially suffer from frost. Here, on average, up to 10 mm of precipitation falls during the winter. It happens that you can’t even ride a sled.

The rains in the Far East, the closer to China and the sea, the more similar they are to rainfall in the tropics, but only in intensity, not in temperature. In the summer in the Far East you can easily come across a swamp; swampiness of the territories reaches 15-20%.

The most delicious piece of Russia for the damned imperialists. The richest region, a natural storehouse of diamonds (Yakutia has more than 80% of all Russian reserves), almost every subject of the region has gold deposits (50% of Russia's reserves), deposits of non-ferrous metals, minerals, coal, oil, and gas.

Cities of the Russian Far East

Large cities include Vladivostok and Khabarovsk. These cities are of great economic and geostrategic importance for the country. We should also mention Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nakhodka, Ussuriysk, Magadan.

The city of Yakutsk is of particular importance for the entire region. But in Chukotka there are endangered settlements. The places there are harsh and difficult to reach - people leave.

Population of the Far East

There are many nationalities in the Far East, but Russians predominate everywhere. Russians make up about 88%, the second group is Ukrainians - about 7%. There are, of course, Koreans, Chinese (which is not surprising), Belarusians, Jews.

The population of the Far East is 6.3 million people. (about 5% of the Russian population).

Indigenous peoples:

Yakuts,
Dolgans, Evenks and Evenyns in the north,
the northeast is occupied by the Eskimos and Chukchi,
on the islands - Aleuts,
in Kamchatka - Itelmens and Koryaks,
in the Amur basin and to the east of it - Nanai, Ulchi, Sroki, Orochi, Udege, Nivkh.

The number of Yakuts is about 380 thousand people, Evenks - 24 thousand. And the rest - no more than 10 thousand people. Difficult living conditions determined that the urban population predominates over the rural one. On average, 76% of the population of the Far East lives in cities.

The Far East is one of the largest economic and geographical regions of Russia. Includes Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan and Sakhalin regions, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Area – 3.1 million. km 2. Population 4.3 million person (1959). The territory of the Far East stretches from north to south for more than 4.5 thousand. km. It is washed by the Chukchi, Berengov, Okhotsk, and Japanese seas. The Far East is a predominantly mountainous country; The plains occupy relatively small spaces, mainly along the valleys of large rivers (Amur and its tributaries, Anadyr, etc.). There are active volcanoes in Kamchatka.

The vast extent (from the Arctic to the subtropics), the diversity of climatic conditions, the poor development of the territory and, along with this, the presence of natural resources leave their mark on the economy of the region. The role of the Far East in the development of Russian foreign trade is great. The closest trade ties are with China, Vietnam, and Japan. The seaports of Vladivostok and Nakhodka are of particular importance in foreign trade operations.

Primorsky Krai is located in the southern part of the Far East, covering an area of 165.9 thousand km 2 . It borders with the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, in the north with the Khabarovsk Territory, and in the east it is washed by the waters of the Sea of Japan. The region includes the following islands: Russky, Slavyansky, Reineke, Putyatina, Askold, etc.

Most of the territory is occupied by mountains belonging to the Sikhote-Alin system (maximum height 1855 m. Cloud). The most extensive lowlands are the Ussuri and Prikhankai. The climate has a pronounced monsoon character. Most of the rivers belong to the Amur basin, Bikin, Krylovka, Arsenyevka, the Samarka, Avvakumovka, Rozdolnaya rivers flow into the Sea of Japan, the Ilistaya, Melgunov rivers flow into Lake Khanka.

Minerals: tin, polymetals, tungsten, gold, fluorites, coal, building materials. The most famous deposits: tin – Kavalerovsky ore district; tungsten – Vostok-2; polymetals – Nikolaevskoe; fluorites - Voznesenskoye, coal - Lipovedskoye, Rettikhovskoye, Pavlovskoye, Bikinskoye.

On the territory of the Primorsky Territory there are 25 administrative districts, 11 cities, 45 urban-type settlements, 221 village councils. As of 01/01/1992 The population in the region was 2309.2 thousand. Human. Population density 13.9 people. per 1 km 2. 32% of workers and office workers are employed in the region's industry, 8% in agriculture, 12% in transport, and 11% in construction.

The economic activity of the Primorsky Territory is focused on the development of ocean industries: maritime transport, fishing industry, ship repair, offshore construction, etc. They account for more than a third of the gross social product.

Industry accounts for 88% of the total commercial output of industry and agriculture in the Primorsky Territory. The industries that determine Primorye's participation in interregional exchange include: fishing (31% of production), mechanical engineering and metalworking (25%), forestry and woodworking (4%) and mining and chemical industries (2%). Primorye provides the country with 15% of the fish and seafood catch, the bulk of boron products and fluorspar, a significant part of lead, tin, tungsten, but the development of the economy is hampered due to the deterioration of the fund (in industry - 42.8%, in construction - 43.0%) .

Primorsky Krai has a developed diversified agriculture. The share of livestock in agricultural products is 60%. In the total consumption of the region's population, local production of vegetables, milk and meat accounts for up to 60-65%; The population is fully provided with its own potatoes.

Primorye is the most developed region of the Far East in terms of transport. The territory of the region from north to south is crossed by the final section of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which has several exits to the sea coast, where large transport hubs have been created (Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vostochny Port, Posyet).

Economic ties of the region: fish and fish products, non-ferrous metals and their concentrates, commercial timber, furs, soybeans, rice, honey, antlers are exported; ferrous metals, machinery and equipment, petroleum products, food and light industry products, and building materials are imported.

The Khabarovsk Territory borders the Primorsky Territory, the Amur and Magadan regions. It is washed by the Seas of Okhotsk and Japan.

The territory of the region is 824.6 thousand km 2 . The mountainous terrain prevails here (over 70% of the territory), the main mountain ranges are: Sikhote-Alin, Turan, M. Khingan, Bureinsky, Badzhalsky, Yam-Alin, Stanovoy, Pribrezhny, Dzhugdzhur ridges; the most extensive lowlands: Lower and Middle Amur, Evoron-Tugansk (in the south), Okhotsk (in the north). The climate is monsoon, with harsh winters and little snow and warm, humid summers.

The rivers of the region belong to the basins of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. The largest river in the region is the Amur, other large rivers are Tumnin, Uda, Tugur, Amgun, Bureya, Bidzhan, Bira.

Minerals: tin, mercury, iron ore, hard and brown coal, graphite, brucite, manganese, feldspar, phosphorites, alunites, building materials, peat.

The Khabarovsk Territory includes 22 administrative districts, 9 cities, 44 urban-type settlements, 2,528 rural councils. The region includes the Jewish Autonomous Region. As of 01/01/1992 The population of the region was 1855.4 thousand people. (in the Jewish Autonomous Region - 216 thousand people), including the urban population - 78.4%. Population density – 2.3 people. per 1 km 2. The regional center is Khabarovsk (601 thousand people). The largest cities in the region: Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Birobidzhan, Amursk. Agriculture is poorly developed.

The Khabarovsk Territory occupies key positions in the unified transport system of the Far East. The configuration of the region's transport network will in the future be determined by transit railways - the Trans-Siberian Railway and the BAM. They are adjacent to the following railway lines: Izvestkovaya - Chegdomyn, Volochaevka - Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Sovetskaya Gavan. Sea transport is developed - Vanino. Air transport is widely used. The Okha-Komsomolsk-on-Amur oil pipeline is operational.

Economic ties of the Khabarovsk Territory: products of mechanical engineering and metalworking (energy and foundry equipment, agricultural machinery), non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, chemistry, fish and fish products are exported; Oil and petroleum products, ferrous metallurgy products, machinery and equipment, light industry products, fertilizers, and food are imported.

Climate

The main features of the nature of the Soviet Far East are determined by its position on the eastern edge of Asia, exposed to the direct influence of the Pacific Ocean and its related seas. The Far East is washed by the Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas, and in some places directly by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Since their influence inland quickly weakens, the Far East occupies a relatively narrow strip of land, stretching from southwest to northeast for almost 4500 km. In addition to the mainland strip, it includes the island of Sakhalin, the Shantar Islands (in the Sea of Okhotsk), the Kuril Island Arc and the Karaginsky and Komandorsky Islands located adjacent to the Kamchatka Peninsula.

The most significant differences between the Far East and Siberia are associated with the predominance within its borders of a monsoon climate in the south and a monsoon-like and maritime climate in the north, which is the result of the interaction between the Pacific Ocean and the land of North Asia. The impact of the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean, especially the cold Sea of Okhotsk, is also noticeable. The climate is greatly influenced by the complex, predominantly mountainous terrain.

In winter, cold air flows from the powerful Asian High to the southeast. In the northeast, along the edge of the Aleutian Low, the cold continental air of Eastern Siberia interacts with warm sea air. As a result, cyclones often occur, which are associated with large amounts of precipitation. There is a lot of snow in Kamchatka, and snowstorms are common. On the eastern coast of the peninsula, the height of the snow cover in some places can reach 6 m. Snowfalls are also significant on Sakhalin.

In summer, air currents rush from the Pacific Ocean. Marine air masses interact with continental ones, as a result of which monsoon rains occur throughout the Far East in summer. The monsoon climate of the Far East covers the Amur region and Primorsky Krai. As a result, the largest Far Eastern river, the Amur and its tributaries, overflow not in the spring, but in the summer, which usually leads to catastrophic floods. Destructive typhoons coming from the southern seas often sweep over coastal areas.

Under the influence of the coastal position, maritime and monsoon climate, the boundaries of geographical zones on the plains of the Far East are greatly shifted to the south. Tundra landscapes are found here at 58-59° N. sh., i.e. much further south than anywhere on the Eurasian mainland; forests reaching the extreme southern regions of the Far East and extending further constitute a characteristic feature of the entire continental margin in the middle latitudes, while steppe and semi-desert landscapes, widespread at these latitudes in the more western interior parts of the continent, are absent here. A similar picture is typical for the eastern part of North America.

The complex terrain, which is characterized by a combination of mountain ranges and intermountain plains, determines the landscape differentiation of the territory, the wide distribution of not only flat, forest and tundra, but especially mountain-forest and alpine landscapes.

Due to the history of development and its location in the vicinity of floristically and zoogeographically diverse regions, the territory of the Far East is distinguished by a complex interweaving of landscape elements of various origins.

Relief

The relief of the Far East, like its nature, is distinguished by its diversity and unusual combinations. But its main feature is the menacing breath of the depths. Mountains and depressions predominate, different in appearance, outline and origin. The extreme south is occupied by the asymmetrical Sikhote-Alin highland (2077 m): in the east its steep slopes come close to the sea bays, and in the west the ridges and hills gradually decrease to 300-400 m, passing into the Amur Valley.

Beyond the narrow (at the narrowest point no more than 12 km) and shallow Tatar Strait, Sakhalin is visible from the shore in clear weather. Two mountain ranges - Western and Eastern Sakhalin - frame the central part of the island, occupied by the Tym-Poronai depression (lowering), named after the Tym and Poronai rivers. Sometimes catastrophic earthquakes occur here.

The garland of the Kuril Islands is formed by mountain peaks, the base of which is hidden at a depth of several kilometers (up to 8 or more). Most of these mountains are volcanoes, extinct and active. The highest (Alaid - 2339 m; Stokan - 1634 m; Tyatya - 1819 m) are located at the northern and southern ends of the giant arc. Over the past 10 million years, outpourings of volcanic lava and large earthquakes have occurred from time to time. These phenomena are accompanied by the current mountain formation.

The Kamchatka Peninsula (area - 370 thousand km2) is a huge territory with mountain ranges, coastal plains, and volcanic massifs. The highest of the volcanoes is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750 m), located in the Klyuchevskaya group of volcanoes. The relatively flat line of the flat western coast differs sharply from the eastern coast, indented by bays and bays with its high cliffs. The Sredinny Ridge (3621 m) extends across the entire peninsula from northeast to southwest. The ancient crystalline rocks were completely covered by volcanic rocks. As a result, plateaus, gentle hills and mountain ranges appeared. In some places there are rounded depressions (calderas) of volcanoes. The eastern ridge (2300-2485 m) has a more dissected relief and reaches with its spurs the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The ridge is framed on all sides by volcanoes. In total, Kamchatka has more than 160 volcanoes; it is not without reason that it is called the “land of fire-breathing mountains.”

To the east of the peninsula are the Commander Islands (Bering Island, Medny Island, etc.). The central parts of the islands are stepped plateaus facing steep ledges towards the ocean.

Bibliography:

1. http://refoteka.ru/r-101023.html

2. http://www.referat.ru/referat/dalniy-vostok-5289

3. http://www.protown.ru/information/hide/4323.html

4. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

5. http://otvet.mail.ru/question/90052414

Http://refoteka.ru/r-101023.html

Http://www.referat.ru/referat/dalniy-vostok-5289

Http://www.protown.ru/information/hide/4323.html

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Http://otvet.mail.ru/question/90052414

From ancient times to the beginning of exploration

17th century

In the 17th century Russian colonization of Siberia and the Far East began. Yakutsk was founded.

Physiographic location

Physiography

The Far East is located in 3 time zones, from +10 to +12 UTC.

Climate

The climate of the Far East is particularly contrasting - from sharply continental (all of Yakutia, the Kolyma regions of the Magadan region) to monsoon (southeast), which is due to the enormous extent of the territory from north to south (almost 4500 km) and from west to east (to 2500-3000 km). This is determined by the interaction of continental and maritime air masses of temperate latitudes. The most significant differences between the Far East and Siberia are associated with the predominance within its borders of a monsoon climate in the south and a monsoon-like and maritime climate in the north, which is the result of the interaction between the Pacific Ocean and the land of North Asia. The impact of the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean, especially the cold Sea of Okhotsk, is also noticeable. The climate is greatly influenced by the complex, predominantly mountainous terrain.

Natural resources

The Far East is one of the regions richest in raw materials in Russia and the world. This gives it the opportunity to occupy an important place in the country’s economy in a number of raw materials positions. Thus, in the all-Russian production of individual resources, the Far East accounts for (%): diamonds - 98, tin - 80, boron raw materials - 90, gold - 50, tungsten - 14, fish and seafood - more than 40, soybeans - 80, wood - 13, cellulose - 7. The main branches of specialization of the Far East: mining and processing of non-ferrous metals, diamond mining, fishing, forestry, pulp and paper industries, shipbuilding, ship repair. These factors, when focusing on the domestic market, determined the role of the Far East within Russia.

Here, predominantly extractive industries developed - fishing, forestry, and mining of non-ferrous metals, which account for more than half of the marketable output. Manufacturing industries are extremely poorly developed. By exporting raw materials, the region loses potential income in the form of added value. Its remoteness causes significant transport surcharges, which are reflected in the cost indicators of most sectors of the economy. The entire economy of the region is developing as if with an increased coefficient of friction.

The Far East contains the largest reserves of mineral resources, in terms of the volume of reserves the region occupies a leading place in Russia. Far Eastern reserves of antimony, boron, tin account for about 95% of all reserves of these resources in Russia, fluorspar - up to 60%, tungsten - 24% and about 10% of all-Russian reserves of iron ore, lead, native sulfur, apatite. The world's largest diamond-bearing province is located in the north-west of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): the Mir, Aikhal, and Udachnoye diamond deposits account for over 80% of Russian diamond reserves. Confirmed reserves of iron ore in the south of Yakutia amounted to more than 4 billion tons (about 80% of the regional one); the reserves of these ores are significant in the Jewish Autonomous Region.

Large coal reserves are located in the Lena and South Yakut basins (Yakutia), in the Amur region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories. The Far Eastern region is one of the most important gold-bearing regions in Russia. Ore and placer gold deposits are concentrated in the Republic of Sakha, Magadan, Amur regions, Khabarovsk Territory and Kamchatka. Tin and tungsten ores are discovered and developed in the Republic of Sakha, Magadan region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories. The main industrial reserves of lead and zinc (up to 80% of the regional total) are concentrated in the Primorsky Territory.

A large titanium ore province (Kalar-Dzhugdzhurskaya) has been identified on the territory of the Amur Region and Khabarovsk Territory. The main deposits of mercury are located in the Magadan region, Chukotka, Yakutia and the Khabarovsk region. In addition to the above, there are reserves of nonmetallic raw materials: limestone, marl, refractory clay, quartz sand, sulfur, graphite. In Tommot, on the upper Aldan, unique mica deposits have been explored. Forest resources.

Forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries. The forest resources of the Far East are large and varied (about 11 billion cubic meters). Forests here make up over 35% of all Russian resources.

Geopolitical situation

The Far Eastern region, of course, has important geopolitical and geostrategic significance for Russia.

Firstly, the region has access to two oceans: the Pacific and the Arctic, and borders on five countries (China, Japan, USA, Mongolia, North Korea).

Secondly, the region has enormous natural resources, for example, about 1/3 of the country's total coal reserves and hydraulic resources. Forests occupy about 30% of the total forest area in Russia. The region has reserves of iron ores, gold, silver, platinum, copper ores, polymetallic ores, and platinum.

Thirdly, given the high pace of development of the Asia-Pacific region both in the economic and military fields, integration into the region is very promising for Russia. The Far Eastern Region can serve as that “bridge” to the Asia-Pacific region if the policy is wisely pursued.

For comparison, the closest neighbor of the Russian Far East, Japan, has a small territory of 377 thousand km² (61st place in the world in terms of territory), and at the same time the population of Japan is 127.5 million people. (10th place in the world in terms of population, right behind Russia). Japan's population density is 337.4 people/km² (18th highest population density in the world).

More than one hundred million people live in the three provinces of Northeast China, while on the other side of the border in the 6.2 million square kilometers of the Far Eastern Federal District, the population has dropped from about 9 million in 1991 to 6 million in 2011, and by 2015 the federal district may lose another 500 thousand population.

One of the reasons for the active development of partnership between Russia and the European Union, the result of which should be, proposed by Vladimir Putin, the creation of an economic alliance located in the territory from Vladivostok to Lisbon, is the economic development of the Far Eastern territories. Russia, still heavily dependent on the commodity market, and a deindustrialized Europe can help each other and take advantage of the advantages of both economic systems

Also, Japan could become one of Russia’s economic partners - it has enormous financial, economic and technological resources (Japan ranks 2nd in the world, after the United States, in terms of nominal GDP, which is more than $5 trillion), and is in dire need of natural resources and new markets for the development of their economy.

Population

The population of the Far Eastern Federal District as of January 1, 2012 was estimated at 6,265,833 people; this is 0.3% less than in 2011. Demographic losses, in contrast to other federal districts of the Russian Federation, are caused mainly by migration outflow of the population.

Currently, the birth rate in the district exceeds the death rate (that is, natural population growth is occurring). In January-October 2012, the birth rate in the Far Eastern Federal District was 13.9 per 1000 people, the mortality rate was 13.1, and the rate of natural increase was 0.8. At the same time, the birth rate in the Far Eastern Federal District is higher than the national average, and the mortality rate is lower. Compared to the previous year, there is an increase in the birth rate, a drop in mortality and an increase in the natural increase rate. At the same time, there is currently a migration outflow of the population that exceeds natural growth, which is why the population is declining.

The average life expectancy of the population of the district in 2009 was 66 years, including among men - 60 years, among women - 72 years, urban population - 67 years, rural population - 64 years. Life expectancy of the district's population has been constantly growing in recent years; in 2004-2009 it increased by 3.6 years.

One of the main historical features of the Far East in terms of demography is its small population compared to the total area of the territory. This situation is explained by harsh natural and climatic conditions and position in relation to transport arteries. Therefore, for a long time, in order to retain the population and attract labor, special benefits and salary bonuses were in effect. However, due to the cessation of state support after the collapse of the USSR, the population began to decline rapidly: from 8 million people. in 1991 to 6,284 thousand people at the beginning of 2011. The average population density in Primorsky Krai is about 13.5 people per square meter. km, in the Khabarovsk Territory - 2.0, in the Jewish Autonomous Okrug - 5.7, in the Amur Region - 2.8, in Yakutia - 0.3, in Chukotka - 0.1. Depopulation, which had previously occurred throughout the country, hit the Far East (and Siberia) hardest, as well as a system-wide economic and social crisis. An alternative opinion by K. Gaddy and F. Hill, authors of the book “The Siberian Curse” is that the Far East overpopulated in comparison with similar regions of Canada and Alaska, taking into account the climate and distance from the main centers of population; such an opinion, however, has been repeatedly criticized both for anti-Russian sentiments and for the actual incorrect conclusions, expressing “the sincere misconceptions of the authors, and not their bias.”

In 2012, there was an increase in population in the cities of Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Chukotka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Although the entire Far East is depopulating in 2012, depopulation is decreasing. .

In 2007, it was suggested that unless extraordinary measures are taken, the region could fall into a “demographic hole” in the period 2015-2025.

Table 1. Demographic development of the Far East for 1985-2003.

Index	1985	1991	1993	2003
Population, thousand people (as of 01.01)	7462,1	8056,6	7899,6	6634,1
Births, thousand people	138,6	110,0	82,1	77,0
Fertility rate	18,3	13,7	10,5	11,6
Total fertility rate	2.08 (1989-1990)	1,843	1,44	1.29 (2001)
Died, thousand people	63,3	67,9	92,3	98,9
Death rate	8,3	8,6	11,8	14,9
Infant mortality rate	23,0	18,7	21,2	15,9
Natural population growth, thousand people.	75,3	41,2	-10,2	-22,0
Natural increase rate	10,0	5,1	-1,3	-3,3
Balance of migration, thousand people	43,5	-65,4	-101	-23,6
Total population growth (decrease), thousand people)	118,8	-24,2	-111,2	-45,6

A significant problem is the migration decline in the Far East, although in Russia as a whole there is a migration growth of the population. In 2008, the overall migration growth rate was −30.5 per 1000 population, in 2009 - −27.8, in 2011 - −2.8. Thus, the scale of migration population loss is decreasing. According to the director of the Far Eastern Market Research Institute, Professor Vadim Zausaev, this is happening because “the most ambitious” have already left. According to a survey among residents of the district, reported in 2011, 19.3% of respondents expressed a desire to live in another city; 17.2 would like to live in another country.

In 2007, it was argued that the attractiveness of the region is not contributed to by the low growth of GRP and personal income compared to the national average, especially since demographic problems are also felt in other regions of Russia, although not in such a catastrophic way. Moreover, since 2009, the district has overtaken Russia in terms of GRP growth. According to Viktor Ishaev, Minister for Development of the Far East, Far Easterners work 30% more and more intensively than other Russians; and although wages are often higher in the Far East, taking into account purchasing power parity and the high cost of living, in general the standard of living in the Far Eastern Federal District is lower than the Russian average. Not great [ specify] supply of goods, the number of poor is higher.

The ratio of men and women (as of 2002) differed from the situation in the country as a whole: if in Russia there were 113 women for every 100 males (as of 1996), then in the Primorsky Territory the ratio was 100:102, in the Amur Region - 100:101, in the Khabarovsk Territory - 100:103

Table 2. Life expectancy (based on 1999 data)

Territory	1989-1990	1995	2000	2010
Russian Federation	69,4	64,6	65,3	66,5
Far East of Russia	67,6	62,3	63,9	65
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)	66,9	62,7	64,6	65,6
Jewish Autonomous Region	…	61,1	62,5	63,6
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug	…	62,6	66,9	68,1
Primorsky Krai	67,9	63,4	64	65,2
Khabarovsk region	67,3	63,1	63,4	64,6
Amur region	68,2	63,7	63,1	64,3
Kamchatka Krai	66,1	61,6	64,2	65,4
Magadan Region	67	61	65	66,7
Sakhalin region	67,3	55,3	63,9	65,6

According to data from the mid-1990s [ specify] the region's labor force is estimated at only 3 million people. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the nature of the raw materials economy and resource production as extreme, uncomfortable work; it requires a specific workforce that has a short life cycle and which must be constantly replaced. . As a result, there is a labor shortage.

Against this background, the educational potential seems clearly excessive: today 100% of schoolchildren can enter a university, however, upon completion of their studies, they cannot find a job in their specialty and leave.

The housing area per capita in the district in 2010 was 21.8 m² per person (the Russian average is 22.6 m²), which is higher than in the Siberian and North Caucasus federal districts, but less than in other districts. At the same time, the housing supply is growing at an accelerated pace; in 1990-2010, the housing area per capita in the Far Eastern Federal District increased by 7.5 m² (on average for Russia - by 6.2 m²). .

According to data for 2005, the budgets of only Chukotka and Yakutia included expenses to reduce depopulation; Housing construction and preferential lending are poorly developed in the district.

The question of Chinese migration to the Russian Far East

Main article: The question of Chinese migration to the Russian Far East

Mass migration to Russia began after the signing of an agreement on visa-free entry into border cities in 1992. The visitors are mainly from the border counties of Heilongjiang Province. Migrants are dominated by men aged 20 to 50 years (data for 2002) with low incomes. The main areas of employment are construction, industry, agriculture and general commercial activities. According to some experts, the proximity of overpopulated China could lead to serious geopolitical problems for Russia in the Far East.

Ways to solve problems

As a solution to a whole range of demographic problems, experts suggest pursuing a protectionist policy:

activation of the economic and social life of the region
establishing control over prices (for electricity, for travel)
securing the old-timer population and other measures.

Economy

In 2009, the gross regional product (GRP) of the district per capita amounted to 268 thousand rubles, which is 19% higher than the same figure for Russia as a whole. In 2010, 80% of the region's GRP was produced in four constituent entities: Primorsky Territory (21.7%), Sakhalin Region (20.6%), Yakutia (19.4%) and Khabarovsk Territory (18.2%). According to the List of Russian regions by GRP for 2009, these subjects are above the Russian average.

In the 2000s, the economy of the Far Eastern Federal District experienced steady growth, which was not interrupted even during the global economic crisis of 2008-2009. From 1999 to 2010, the gross regional product of the Far Eastern Federal District grew by 73%. At the same time, since 2009, the growth of the district’s GRP has been ahead of the Russian average. Thus, in 2009, the GRP of the Far Eastern Federal District increased by 1.5% (Russian - decreased by 7.6%), in 2010 - by 6.8% (Russian - by 4.6%). In 2011, the volume of GRP increased by 5.4% compared to 2010 and amounted to 2.3 trillion rubles. Industrial production from the 1990 level in Russia on average is 80.7%, and in the Far East - 103%.

Sectoral structure of the GRP of the district (according to 2010 data):

Agriculture and forestry, fishing - 6.5%
Mining - 24.7%
Manufacturing industry - 5.6%
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 4.2%
Construction - 12.2%
Trade - 10.2%
Hotels and restaurants - 0.8%
Transport and communications - 13.4%
Education and healthcare - 7.7%
Finance and services - 7.3%
Public administration and military security - 7.4%

The economy of the Far East is developing from a focal state, infrastructurally and economically isolated from the main part of Russia, to large investment projects based on public-private partnerships. The investment portfolio until 2025 is planned to amount to 9 trillion rubles. The main tasks of the development of the Far East are the formation of a permanent population in the region, equalization of operating conditions, changing the structure of the economy and integration into the Asia-Pacific region. Today, all regions of the Far East are subsidized.

Mining

827 deposits are exploited in the territory. A significant share is represented by diamonds, gold, silver, non-ferrous metals: tin, lead, mining chemical and mining raw materials: boron, fluorspar.

Forestry industry

The Far East has a resource base of approximately 20 billion cubic meters of industrial timber - this is a quarter of Russian reserves. The recycling rate is about 30%. 12 major projects are being implemented to create new enterprises in the field of wood processing, which will create over 5 thousand jobs.

Investments

The volume of investments in fixed capital in the district in 2010 amounted to 726 billion rubles or 115 thousand rubles per capita. The volume of investment per capita in the Far Eastern Federal District is almost twice the Russian average.

In the first half of 2011, the economy of the Far East received $5.7 billion of foreign investment, an increase of 1.8 times compared to the corresponding period in 2010. However, this is only 6.5% of all foreign investments attracted to Russia. The main investors in the Far East territories in the period from 2002 to 2009 are the Netherlands - 49.2% of accumulated foreign investments, Japan - 12.1%, Great Britain - 8.8%, India - 3.7%, Bahamas - 6% and Cyprus - 3.2%. The most attractive industry for foreign investors remains mining, where almost 90% of their investments are directed. Despite the influx of capital, according to academician Pavel Minakir, “the economy of the Far East is extremely inefficient... the return on these investments is minimal. Over the past 40 years, the return on every ruble invested is 18 kopecks.”

According to V.I. Ishaev, the volume of investments in the Far East in 2011 amounted to at least 1 trillion rubles, including government funds and company investments.

Income of the population

The average salary, pension and income of the district's population are ahead of the Russian average. In 2010, the average salary in the Far Eastern Federal District was 25.8 thousand rubles per month (23% higher than the Russian average), the average income was 20.8 thousand rubles per month (10% higher than the Russian average), the average pension was 8.9 thousand rubles. From 2000 to 2010, the average nominal salary and average income in the district increased 8 times, and the pension - 9 times.

The cost of a minimum set of food products in the Far Eastern Federal District is higher than the Russian average by 35% (as of mid-2011), the cost of a fixed set of consumer goods and services for interregional comparisons of the purchasing power of the population is 28% (as of the end of 2010).

Modernization

The conditions for economic modernization are:

attracting private investment to the region using the principle of public-private partnership
regimes of special economic zones
tax preferences for investors
stimulating domestic demand and increasing the purchasing power of the population

Existing problems for investment in the region are:

remoteness of the Far East territories
harsh climatic conditions
lack or limited road infrastructure
lack or complete absence of energy supply
clumsy bureaucratic mechanism (resolution of almost all issues through Moscow)
legislative gaps and inconsistencies

Administrative division

Largest cities

Small administrative centers

Magadan is the administrative center of the Magadan region. Population ▼ 95,925 people (2010).
Birobidzhan is the administrative center of the Jewish Autonomous Region. Population ▼ 75,419 people (2010).
Anadyr is the administrative center of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Population ▲ 13,053 people. (2010).

Far East radio stations

Radio East of Russia - (Khabarovsk)
Vladivostok FM - (Vladivostok)
Radio VBC (Vladivostok)
Radio Lemma - (Vladivostok)
Radio Ussuri - (Ussuriysk)
Radio 105.5 - (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk)
Fresh FM - (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk)
Radio SV - (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky)
Radio Purga - (Anadyr)
Radio Victoria - (Yakutsk)
Kiin Radio - (Yakutsk)
Sakhaly Victoria Radio - (Yakutsk)
STV-Radio - (Yakutsk)
FM-Birobidzhan - (Birobidzhan)
Radio Dacha - (Khabarovsk)

Internet

Internet coverage of the population of the Far East is almost 50% (2012).

Transport

The overall level of development of the transport network in the region is extremely low; in fact, only in the south of the region in the Amur region, Primorye and Sakhalin there is a network of railways and roads. The northern regions have practically no infrastructure. The level of development of transport infrastructure in the Far East is the lowest in Russia, which complicates supply and greatly increases transport costs and the cost of products.

The network of paved roads in the Far East is 5.3 km per 1000 km², the average for Russia is 31.7 km per 1000 km².

Rail transport is the main type of mainline transport. It accounts for over 80% of cargo turnover and about 40% of domestic passenger turnover in the territory. The total length of the highway network is 41.5 thousand km. The number of civil aviation airfields is 107. There are 28 seaports. The main ports are Vostochny, Nakhodka, Vladivostok, Vanino and De-Kastri. The Vanino-Kholmsk ferry service operates.

The Far East has the highest rate among Russian districts in terms of car availability and is ahead of the Russian average: there are 329 passenger cars per thousand residents.

The Trans-Siberian Railway, the greatest and longest railway in Russia, passes through the Far East.
The Baikal-Amur Mainline, the railway line of Eastern Siberia, was built on the territory of the Far East.
The construction of the new Amur-Yakutsk railway line from Skovorodino to Yakutsk is being completed.
The Amur federal highway passes through the Far East along the route Chita - Skovorodino - Svobodny - Birobidzhan - Khabarovsk.
The Kolyma federal highway passes along the Yakutsk-Magadan route.
The Ussuri federal highway passes along the Khabarovsk-Vladivostok route.
In the second half of the 20th century, it was planned to build the Vostok federal highway along the Khabarovsk-Nakhodka route.
The Bering Strait Tunnel, the Sakhalin Tunnel and the Sakhalin-Hokkaido Tunnel are under discussion.
The construction of the Sakhalin - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok gas pipeline and the Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean oil pipeline are underway.

Far East Airlines

Khabarovsk Airlines based in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.
Vostok Airlines based in Khabarovsk, small airport.

Interesting facts about the Far East

Cellular operators in the Far East

Notes

The Russian Far East in the Around the World encyclopedia
Ekaterina Motrich: There are fewer and fewer of us.
Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation - Program "Economic and social development of the Far East and Transbaikalia for the period until 2013"
Server of the Government of the Khabarovsk Territory - Socio-economic strategy for the development of the Khabarovsk Territory and Transbaikalia
Atlas of Asian Russia. - St. Petersburg: Publication of the Resettlement Administration, 1914. - P. 14.
TSB: USSR. Physiographic (natural) countries
N. A. Gvozdetsky, I. I. Mikhailov. Physical geography of the USSR. Asian part. Edition 3. M.: “Mysl”, 1978, pp. 387, 410.
Provinces of Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Jilin.
Lintner, Bertil (2006-05-27), ""The Chinese are coming... to Russia"", Asia Times Online, . Retrieved January 18, 2009.
"Rossiyskaya Gazeta" - Economics of the Far East No. 5623. 03.11.2011. They pack their suitcases. The authorities are still powerless to stop the migration of people from the district
Chinese language tutor.
Center for Political Technologies.
Stephen J. Blank“Toward a New Chinese Order in Asia: Russia’s Failure” NBR Reports (Mar 2011)
Russian experts deny the existence of a threat from Chinese immigrants to the Russian Far East. 06/03/2009 // People's Daily
Chinese sword
Zbigniew Brzezinski: Russia risks turning into empty space
News article on Lenta. Ru": "Putin proposed an economic alliance to Europe from Vladivostok to Lisbon" - 11/25/2010
CIA - The World Factbook - Field Listing:: GDP (official exchange rate)
Estimation of the resident population as of January 1, 2011, as of January 1, 2012, and on average for 2011. Goskomstat
http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=15586340
Demographic prospects of the Russian Far East (copy)
Population of the Russian Far East
Interregional Association of Economic Cooperation Far East and Transbaikalia - Types of economic activity
Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January - October 2012. Goskomstat
Life expectancy at birth (indicator value per year, year)
Economic organization of Chinese migration to the Russian Far East after the collapse of the USSR
Migration situation in the Far East and Russian politics. Scientific Reports/Carnegie Center, Issue 7, February 1996.
The authorities are still powerless to stop the outflow of population from the Far East - Tatyana Alexandrova, Inna Glebova, Irina Drobysheva - “They are packing their bags” - Russian Ga...
China and the Russian Far East: on the issue of demographic imbalance
Russia: the danger of losing Siberia and the Far East in the light of demography and geopolitics
Fiona Hill and Clifford Gaddy. The Siberian Curse. How Communist Planners Left Russia out in the Cold. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2003.
Soboleva S.V., Doctor of Economics, Institute of Economics and Organization of Industrial Production SB RAS. So that Siberia does not become depopulated // [[ECO (magazine)|]]. - 2004. - No. 8
Siberia: pearl or ballast of Russia? // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, August 26, 2005
Lunev S. Siberia is worth a mass // Nezavisimaya Gazeta, March 4, 2004
Ministry of Eastern Development. Interview with Viktor Ishaev to Vesti channel
Russian demographic barometer
Newspapers write about the problems of the Far East
Motrich E. Population of the Far East and NEA countries: current state and development prospects // Prospects of the Far Eastern region: population, migration, labor markets. M., 1999. P. 108.
Resident population estimate for 2008. Goskomstat
Resident population estimate for 2009. Goskomstat
Resident population estimate for 2011. Goskomstat
Indices of physical volume of gross regional product in 1998-2010.
Standard of living in the regions of the Far East
Problems of socio-economic development of the Far East (Report abstract)
Russian Far East: economic potential. Vladivostok, 1999. P. 430
Motrich E. Population of the Far East and NEA countries: current state and development prospects // Prospects of the Far Eastern region: population, migration, labor markets. M., 1999. P. 68.
Larin V.L. Russia in East Asia on the eve of the 21st century: ethnodemographic and civilizational incentives and barriers // Population processes in the regional structure of Russia in the 18th-20th centuries. Novosibirsk, 1996. pp. 23-32

Far East of Russia - “darkness” by the standards of the central regions, distant, amazing, mysterious, keeper of many secrets and unsolved mysteries, an immense land, etc.

The huge region occupies more than a third of the territory of Russia - 36%, stretches from the polar latitudes (Yakutia, Chukotka) to the subtropical (southern Primorye), and in all these areas there are 1.5 times fewer inhabitants than in Moscow alone.

The richest region, the country's natural storehouse, its strategic reserve - diamonds of Yakutia make up more than 80% of all Russian reserves, almost all regions of the district have gold deposits, about 50% of the country's reserves, non-ferrous metals, minerals, coal, oil, gas, deep rivers in which fish splash and huge forests with unique and...

The Far Eastern lands have access to two oceans - the Pacific and the Arctic, and are washed by 6 seas, with a diverse, often unique world - the Okhotsk, Berengovo, Chukchi, East Siberian and Laptev Seas.

The border between Eastern Siberia and the Far East runs along the Kolyma Plateau, through the Dzhudzhur and Stanovoy ridges, begins in the East Siberian Sea from the Chaunskaya Bay and reaches the confluence of the Argun and Shilka.

During the Soviet era, many areas of the region were a closed zone and it was impossible to get here without a special pass - the border region (borders with 5 countries - China, North Korea, Manchuria, Japan, USA), the base of the legendary, the Svobodny cosmodrome and many military facilities strategic purpose. Now the number of closed zones has been reduced, but in the border areas the access control remains the same.

The Far Eastern District includes 9 constituent entities of the Russian Federation

1. Amur region, administrative center of Blagoveshchensk
2. Jewish Autonomous Region, Birobidzhan
3. Kamchatka Krai, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
4. Magadan Region, Magadan
5. Primorsky Krai, Vladivostok
6. The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia, Yakutsk
7. Sakhalin region, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
8. Khabarovsk region, Khabarovsk
9. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Anadyr

The federal center of the Far Eastern Federal District is Khabarovsk, the second largest and most populous city in the Far East.

The largest city in the Far Eastern District is Vladivostok, the capital of Primorye, the most densely populated region in the region.

Total cities that have crossed the 100 thousand threshold in terms of population in the Far East district 10:

- 623 thousand people
Khabarovsk - 585 thousand people
Yakutsk - 268 thousand people
Komsomolsk-on-Amur - 260 thousand people
Blagoveshchensk - 220 thousand people
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - 200 thousand people
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky - 180 thousand people
Ussuriysk - 162 thousand people
- 159 thousand people
Artem - 103 thousand people

The smallest administrative center is Anadyr , it is home to about 14 thousand people, Magadan just a little short of the 100 thousand mark - 96 thousand, Birobidzhan about 76 thousand

Despite its small number and isolation from the center of Russia, Far East plays a serious role in the life of the country, has a fairly rich history; during the civil war, an independent Far Eastern Republic was created in the region, which included all regions except Yakutia.

And yet the most important wealth of the Far Eastern lands is the nature reserve - fire-breathing volcanoes and the valley of geysers in Kamchatka, the harsh and majestic land of permafrost in Chukotka and Yakutia, the giant grasses of Sakhalin and many other mysteries of nature.

National parks, reserves and sanctuaries have been created to protect wildlife in the Far East.

National parks:
- "Anyuysky" (Khabarovsk region)
-"Berengia" (Chukotka)
- "Call of the Tiger" (Primoye)
- "Udege Legend" (Primorye)

Reserves:

Amur region
- "Zeysky"
- "Norsky" state nature reserve
- "Khingan" state nature reserve

Jewish Autonomous Region
- "Bastak" state nature reserve

Kamchatka
- "Kronotsky "state natural biosphere reserve
- "Koryak" state nature reserve
- "Commander" state natural biosphere reserve

Maps and statistical data from Wikipedia

– a region where it is advisable to go for swimming in the sea in August, when the water warms up to +24˚C; for fishing, hunting, hiking, mountain climbing - in the summer months, and for active winter pastime - from November to March.

Far East: where is this land of contrasts located?

The Far East is a region that covers the territory of Asia (east, southeast and northeast of this part of the world). It includes territories of and other countries.

The Russian Far East occupies 36% of the country's territory. This region includes the Amur, Sakhalin, Magadan, Jewish Autonomous Regions, Yakutia, Khabarovsk, Primorsky, Kamchatka Territories. On the southern side it borders on the Russian Far East and the DPRK, on the northeastern side - in the Bering Strait, on the southeastern side -.

The Far East includes island (Sakhalin, Commanders, Kuriles), continental (Dzhugdzhur ridge, Koryak Highlands) and peninsular (Chukotka, Kamchatka) parts. The largest settlements are Belogorsk, Amursk, Elizovo and others.

How to get to the Far East?

To get from Vladivostok, passengers will have to spend 8.5 hours in flight (a transfer at will extend the air trip to 13 hours, at - up to 14.5 hours, at - up to 15 hours), up to - 7 hours (flight through and the capital China will take 17 hours, through Novosibirsk - 9.5 hours, through Khabarovsk - 19 hours, through Mirny - 13 hours 45 minutes, through Irkutsk - 16.5 hours), to Khabarovsk - 7.5 hours (if you stop for rest at the airport Novosibirsk, the duration of the air trip will be 10.5 hours, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - 12 hours, - 13.5 hours, - 13 hours, - 14 hours).

Holidays in the Far East

Tourists should pay attention to the Kamchatka Territory (famous for more than 270 mineral springs, the largest of which is Paratunka; here you can raft on the Opala, Pymta, Bystraya rivers in May-October or take a boat ride along Avacha Bay; Mount Moroznaya, Pokrovskaya and Red Sopki), Sakhalin (tourists are invited to explore the Vaidinskaya cave with stalactites and stalagmites; watch birds on Lake Tunaicha; enjoy the unique underwater life on Moneron Island; go on a 2-3-day hike, during which they will be able to get acquainted with the picturesque mountain range Zhdanko), Primorsky Territory (particularly noteworthy are the Baranovsky volcano, Lake Khanka, more than 2,000 historical and archaeological monuments, Anuchinsky, Lazovsky and Chuguevsky districts, where everyone goes to hunt wild boar, Olginsky and Kavalerovsky districts, where you can catch grayling and pike , crucian carp, carp), (active travelers can climb the spurs of Miao-Chan, Mount Ko and Tardoki, sport fishing for salmon at the mouths of rivers on the Okhotsk coast, rafting on the rivers Khora, Turugu, Uchuru).

Far Eastern beaches

Glass Beach: In the summer you can sunbathe and swim here, and in the colder months you can take great photos and admire the colorful “glass pebbles” (broken glass polished by stormy waves).
Chituvay beach: the water on this beach warms up well thanks to the hills that surround it on three sides. In the center of the beach there is sand, and its sides are represented by a rocky shore (the rocks near which you can snorkel are used by many as springboards for diving into the water).

Souvenirs from the Far East

Far Eastern souvenirs - gifts in the form of wooden and mammoth ivory items, beaded jewelry, bear teeth and ornamental stones, suede and leather handbags, red caviar, smoked fish, pine nuts, Bird's Milk candies, canned seafood, Aralia honey , Nanai slippers, cosmetics based on mineral mud and algae.