Moscow State University of Printing. Modern problems of science and education There is no place for stylistic coloring

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In 1 Synonyms are... Walk, run, rush, move, be directed, follow, move, act, pass, etc. How are these synonyms different? Write down a number of synonyms for the word Laugh, ...

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B 1 Vocabulary neutral stylistically colored colloquial book colloquial

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Q 1 1. Replace the word UNDERSTANDING with a stylistically neutral synonym. Write this synonym. By will he meant freedom. understood, meant

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In 1 punishments 2. Replace the word THRASH with a stylistically neutral synonym. Write this synonym. You get beatings after parent-teacher meetings, you march in formation in pioneer camps, you study with tutors, you shake before final exams, you develop neurasthenia after competitive exams.

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In 1, the Nazis The only way to do this was to travel on ice across the Gulf of Finland and only during a long winter night, so that the Nazis, who were on the shores of the gulf, could not notice those who were making their way into the blockaded city in the dark. 3. Replace the word HITLER with a stylistically neutral synonym. Write this synonym.

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In 1 waiters 4. Replace the descriptive phrase SERVANT FROM THE DINING ROOM with a stylistically neutral synonym word. Write this synonym. Stokers and cleaners, servers from the dining room, pulling carpets, armchairs, rolled-up curtains, and bundles of bed linen from the house flooded with water, kept looking back at the sea and saying with delight: “How beautiful, how beautiful...

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In 1 ancient 5. Replace the word IMMEMORABLE with a stylistically neutral synonym. Write this synonym. From such sun and air the shores acquire a harsh color, ocher, ashy and bluish, like scale - the color of time immemorial, the color of eternity.

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In 1 it is instructive 6. Replace the word EDIFICATELY with a stylistically neutral synonym. Write this synonym. At the same time, she strictly monitored what I chose from her home library and said edifyingly: “No, it’s too early for you to read, you’d better take this book.”

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In 1 went 7. Replace the word VYZAVALS with a stylistically neutral synonym. Write this synonym. We had known the old gelding for a long time, and there was nothing mysterious about the fact that he followed us.

The stylistic characteristics of a word are determined by how it is perceived by speakers: as assigned to a certain functional style or as appropriate in any style, commonly used.

The stylistic consolidation of a word is facilitated by its thematic relevance. We feel the connection of words-terms with scientific language ( quantum theory, assonance, attributive ); We classify as journalistic style words related to political topics ( world, congress, summit, international, law and order, personnel policy ); we highlight as official business words used in office work ( following, proper, victim, residence, notify, order, forwarded ).

In the most general terms, the functional-style stratification of vocabulary can be depicted as follows:

The most clearly contrasted are book and spoken words(compare: to invade - to interfere, to meddle; get rid of - get rid of, get rid of; criminal - gangster ).

As part of book vocabulary, one can single out words characteristic of book speech in general ( subsequent, confidential, equivalent, prestige, erudition, premise ), and words assigned to specific functional styles (for example, syntax, phoneme, litotes, emission, denomination tend towards the scientific style; election campaign, image, populism, investments - to the journalistic; promotion, consumer, employer, prescribed, above, client, prohibited - to official business).

The functional consolidation of vocabulary is most definitely revealed in speech.

Book words are not suitable for casual conversation.

For example: The first leaves appeared on the green spaces.

Scientific terms should not be used in conversation with a child.

For example: It is very likely that dad will enter eye contact with Uncle Petya during the coming day.

Colloquial and colloquial words are inappropriate in an official business style.

For example: On the night of September 30, racketeers attacked Petrov and took his son hostage, demanding a ransom of 10 thousand dollars.

The ability to use a word in any style of speech indicates its common use.

So, the word house is appropriate in different styles: House No. 7 on Lomonosov Street is subject to demolition; The house was built according to the design of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture; Pavlov's house in Volgograd became a symbol of the courage of our soldiers, who selflessly fought the fascists on the streets of the city; Tili-bom, tili-bom, the cat's house caught fire(March.).

In functional styles, special vocabulary is used against the backdrop of commonly used vocabulary.

Emotionally expressive coloring of words

Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the speaker’s attitude towards them.

For example , admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These adjectives are emotionally charged: the positive evaluation contained in them distinguishes them from a stylistically neutral word white. The emotional connotation of a word can also express a negative assessment of the named concept ( blond ).

That's why emotional vocabulary is called evaluative (emotional-evaluative).

A feature of emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is “superimposed” on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it; the purely nominative function is complicated here by evaluativeness, the speaker’s attitude to the named phenomenon.

The following three varieties are distinguished as part of emotional vocabulary.

1. Words with a clear evaluative meaning, as a rule, unambiguous; “the assessment contained in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings.” These include the words “characteristics” ( forerunner, herald, grumbler, idle talker, sycophant, slob etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action ( purpose, destiny, businessmanship, fraud, marvelous, miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian, dare, inspire, defame, mischief ).

2. Ambiguous words, usually neutral in basic meaning, but receiving a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically.

Thus, they say about a person: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow ; Verbs are used in a figurative meaning: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink and under general

3. Words with subjective evaluation suffixes, conveying various shades of feeling: containing positive emotions - son, sunshine, granny, neat, close, and negative ones - beards, kids, officialdom and so on.

Since the emotional connotation of these words is created by affixes, the evaluative meanings in such cases are determined not by the nominative properties of the word, but by word formation.

Depicting feelings in speech requires special expressive colors.

Expressiveness (from Latin expressio - expression) - means expressiveness, expressive - containing special expression.

At the lexical level, this linguistic category is embodied in the “increment” of special stylistic shades and special expression to the nominative meaning of the word.

For example, instead of the word good We are speaking wonderful, wonderful, delightful, wonderful ; one might say I do not like, but you can find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I disgust .

In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression.

Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional tension (compare: misfortune - grief - calamity - catastrophe, violent - unrestrained - indomitable - frantic - furious ).

Vivid expression highlights solemn words ( unforgettable, herald, accomplishments ), rhetorical ( sacred, aspirations, proclaim ), poetic ( azure, invisible, chant, incessant ).

Particular expression distinguishes humorous words ( blessed, newly minted ), ironic ( deign, Don Juan, vaunted ), familiar ( good-looking, cute, poke around, whisper ).

Expressive shades differentiate words disapproving (pretentious, mannered, ambitious, pedant ), dismissive (paint, petty ), contemptuous (gossip, servility, sycophant ), derogatory (skirt, wimp ), vulgar (grabber, lucky ), abusive (boor, fool ).

The expressive coloring in a word is layered on its emotional-evaluative meaning, and in some words expression predominates, in others - emotional coloring. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary. The situation is complicated by the fact that “unfortunately, there is no typology of expressiveness yet.” This is associated with difficulties in developing a unified terminology.

By combining words that are similar in expression into lexical groups, we can distinguish:

1) words expressing a positive assessment called concepts,

2) words expressing their negative assessment .

The first group will include words that are lofty, affectionate, and partly humorous; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc.

The emotional and expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:

stylistically neutral:	reduced:	high:
face	muzzle	face
let	interference	block
cry	roar	sob
afraid	be a coward	fear
drive away	expose	expel

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. Sharp negative rating we received words like fascism, separatism, corruption, assassin, mafia .

Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, publicity and so on. is fixed positive color .

Even different meanings of the same word can differ noticeably in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of the word can be solemn ( Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech not of the boy, but of the husband.- P.), in another - the same word receives an ironic connotation ( G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the reputation of a learned man, so to speak, on his word of honor. - P.).

The development of emotionally expressive shades in a word is facilitated by its metaphorization.

Thus, stylistically neutral words used as tropes receive vivid expression.

For example: burn (at work), fall (from fatigue), suffocate (in unfavorable conditions), flaming (gaze), blue (dream), flying (gait) etc.

The context ultimately determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; High vocabulary in other conditions takes on a mockingly ironic tone; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and an affectionate word can sound contemptuous.

The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands the visual possibilities of vocabulary.

The emotional and expressive coloring of the word, layered on the functional, complements its stylistic characteristics. Words that are neutral in an emotionally expressive relation usually belong to commonly used vocabulary (although this is not necessary: terms, for example, in an emotionally expressive relation, as a rule, are neutral, but have a clear functional definition). Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

Divisions of expressively colored vocabulary

D.E. Rosenthal identifies 3 groups of vocabulary:

1) Neutral (interstyle)

2) Spoken

3) Prostorechnaya

1. Neutral(interstyle) is vocabulary that has application in all styles of language; it represents a category of words that are not expressively colored, emotionally neutral.

Interstyle vocabulary is the basis for the vocabulary of both oral and written speech.

You can compare the common word lie and words compose, flood, which belong to colloquial vocabulary and are colloquial and humorous in nature.

2. TO colloquial vocabulary These include words that give speech a touch of informality, ease, but do not go beyond the boundaries of the literary language. This is the vocabulary of spoken language. It is characterized by informality and emotionally expressive coloring. Gestures, facial expressions, posture, and intonation play an important role in oral communication.

The group of colloquial vocabulary includes words that are different in the way of expression, stylistic coloring and those whose semantics already contain evaluativeness ( troublemaker, bedlam posers etc.), as well as those whose evaluation is created by affixes, the addition of stems ( old man, boot, poor thing and so on.). Words with suffixes of subjective assessment also have a colloquial character ( healthy, small, son, dominatrix and so on.). This vocabulary also includes familiar words ( grandma, grandpa, auntie, son and so on.).

3. Colloquial vocabulary is on the verge or beyond the boundaries of strictly standardized lexical literary speech and is distinguished by a greater stylistic decline compared to colloquial vocabulary, although the boundaries between them are unsteady and fluid and are not always clearly defined.

There are three groups of colloquial vocabulary:
Rough expressive vocabulary grammatically represented by nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs (bore, idiot, scoundrel, etc.). The expressiveness of these words shows the attitude towards any object, person, phenomenon.
Rough colloquial vocabulary but is distinguished by a greater degree of rudeness: (snout, bulldozer, mug, etc.). These words have stronger expression and a negative attitude towards certain phenomena.
Some colloquial vocabulary includes words are actually colloquial, non-literary , they are not recommended in the speech of cultured people ( just now, I suppose, maybe, once born and so on.)

Using stylistically colored vocabulary in speech

The tasks of practical stylistics include the study of the use of vocabulary of various functional styles in speech - both as one of the style-forming elements and as a different style means that stands out in its expression against the background of other linguistic means.

The use of terminological vocabulary that has the most specific functional and stylistic significance deserves special attention.

Terms- words or phrases naming special concepts of any sphere of production, science, art.

For example: deposit(money or securities deposited with a credit institution for safekeeping); express loan (term loan, lending of valuables); business(entrepreneurial activity that generates income, profit); mortgage(pledge of real estate for the purpose of obtaining a long-term loan); percent(fee received by the lender from the borrower for using a cash loan).

Each term is necessarily based on a definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent a capacious and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of science operates with certain terms that make up the terminological system of this branch of knowledge.

The term is usually used in only one area.

For example: phoneme, subject - in linguistics, cupola- in metallurgy. But the same term can be used in different areas. Moreover, in each case the term has its own special meaning.

For example: Term operation used in medicine, military and banking. Term assimilation used in linguistics, biology, ethnography; iris– in medicine and biology (botany); reversion– in biology, technology, law.

Becoming a term, the word loses its emotionality and expressiveness. This is especially noticeable if we compare commonly used words in the diminutive form and the corresponding terms.

For example: cam in the child and cam in car, front sight- a small fly and front sight meaning “a small protrusion on the front of the barrel of a firearm used for aiming” cheeks child and cheeks at a machine gun, etc.

The diminutive form of a common word very often becomes a term. tooth from the word tooth meaning “bone formation, organ in the mouth for grasping, biting and chewing food” and the term clove- cutting tooth of a machine or tool. Tongue from the word language in the meaning of “movable muscular organ in the oral cavity” and the term tongue- a small process at the base of the leaf blade of cereals and some other plants. Hammer from the word hammer in the meaning of “a tool for hammering, striking” and the term hammer– one of the auditory ossicles of the middle ear and the name of various impact devices in mechanisms.

Terminological vocabulary contains more information than any other, therefore the use of terms in a scientific style is a necessary condition for brevity, conciseness, and accuracy of presentation.

Scientific and technological progress has led to the intensive development of the scientific style and its active influence on other functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. The use of terms outside the scientific style has become a kind of sign of the times.

Studying the process of terminology of speech not bound by the norms of scientific style, researchers point to the distinctive features of the use of terms in this case. Many words that have a precise terminological meaning have become widespread and are used without any stylistic restrictions.

For example: radio, television, oxygen, heart attack, psychic, privatization .

Another group includes words that have a dual nature: they can be used both as terms and as stylistically neutral vocabulary. In the first case, they are distinguished by special shades of meaning, giving them special accuracy and unambiguity.

Yes, word mountain, meaning in its broad, cross-style usage “ a significant hill rising above the surrounding area", and having a number of figurative meanings, does not imply an accurate quantitative measurement of height. In geographical terminology, where the distinction between concepts is essential mountain - Hill, clarification is given: elevation more than 200 m in height.

Thus, the use of such words outside the scientific style is associated with their partial determinologization.

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In the “Vocabulary” section you have already become acquainted with synonyms of the Russian language; this knowledge will be useful to you when studying the basics of stylistics.

Stylistic these are called synonyms , which have the same meanings, but differ in stylistic coloring. Stylistic synonyms usually include:

Synonyms belonging to different functional styles of speech: live-live; newlyweds-newlyweds-young;

- synonyms belonging to the same style of speech.

They are distinguished by their emotional and expressive coloring, conveying the speaker’s attitude towards what he is talking about. This coloring is assessed on a scale of “positive - neutral - negative” - emotional coloring and “degree of intensity of manifestation of a quality or action” - expressive coloring. Wed: 1) about a person: explanatory(positive) - smart (neutral) - brainy, big-headed(rudely familiar); 2) said - said - blurted - blurted out; 3) did - chipped off- soaked it - gave it away. As can be seen from the examples placed under numbers 1 - 3, all words, except those highlighted, which are stylistically neutral, belong to the colloquial style. In the colloquial style, stylistic synonymy is represented especially widely; there are much more stylistic synonyms in speech than inter-style synonyms. You know these words: sleep - rest- sleep, eyes - peeping eyes, soldier- warrior - warrior, write - draw - scribble, letter - message- scribble. All of the above examples present words that are used in different communication situations, therefore, in different styles of speech. The first words of each three examples are appropriate in almost all styles and have a neutral stylistic connotation, the second are appropriate in poetic speech and have a pronounced archaic connotation, accompanied by a positive connotation; The rows of examples are completed by words that are only appropriate in colloquial speech, have a colloquial character and a negative connotation. And colloquial words, as you know from the section “Words and phraseological units as units of the lexical system,” lie beyond the boundaries of the literary language.

846 . Continue recording synonyms in the table, placing stylistic synonyms in horizontal rows, semantic and evaluative synonyms in vertical rows.

1. Revive, revive, shake, stir, stir. 2. Indestructible, durable, indestructible, unshakable, strong. 3. Weaken, exhausted, worn out, weakened, exhausted. 4. To disgrace yourself, make a mistake, disgrace yourself.

847 . Determine the shades of meaning and emotional coloring in the following rows of synonyms. Indicate in what styles of speech the use of this or that word is possible. Prove your point. If you have any difficulties, consult dictionaries.

1. Fear, trepidation, shock, fright, horror, nightmare.

2. Cruel, ferocious, heartless, inhuman.

3. Bold, courageous, undaunted, fearless, dashing.

4. Surprise, puzzle, amaze, shock, stun.

848. Compose or select example sentences with synonyms from literary works. Write down the sentences.

Many Russian words, as K. Paustovsky aptly put it, radiate poetry. In the precise language of science, this means that they have a stylistic coloring, i.e. not only name, but also evaluate the named object, quality, action and express the emotions (feelings) associated with them, enhance the meaning (convey expression) and give an assessment - approval, disapproval, affection, familiarity, condemnation, joke, etc.

Stylistically colored words are words that have a stylistic connotation - an emotional, expressive meaning that is added to the main meaning that names, defines an object, attribute, action.

Such words are widely used by writers in works of fiction. All cases of successful use of stylistic synonyms become vivid poetic devices, help the artist of words to create unique images, and deepen the impression of what they read.

Just remember some of these synonyms: eyes - eyes, cheeks - cheeks, forehead - forehead, lips - lips and so on.

Have you come across such words in poetic works:

Tatyana waited impatiently,

So that the trembling of her heart subsides,

To pass cheeks flaming.

(A.S. Pushkin)

My tear is yours cheeks didn't you burn me?

(M. Yu. Lermontov)

A. Fadeev, describing his heroine, Ulyana Gromova, draws the reader’s attention to the fact that he himself contrasts a poetic synonym with a neutral word. The writer believes that the poetic word more accurately reflects the girl’s appearance: Uli's eyes were large, dark brown, not eyes, but eyes, with long eyelashes, milky whites, black mysterious pupils... Or we find in Isakovsky: Where are you, where are you, brown eyes, where are you, my native land? M. Gorky, describing the heroine, chose a colloquial word that had a connotation of extreme harshness and rudeness: old mistress<...> says to me: “Wait, bookworm, they’ll burst zenki something». Word eyes is neutral, it is appropriate in all styles, because it serves as the name of this concept and does not carry any additional coloring. We will meet it in poetry and prose, in colloquial and bookish styles of speech: And the mosquito bit right into my aunt’s right eye (P.); Eyes Tanya, framed by frosty eyelashes, boldly met his gaze(Already).

849. Write down the words, dividing them according to their expressive and stylistic affiliation into three groups: 1) neutral, 2) high, I) low.

I. Think, thought, boyar duma, change your mind, think up, invention, inventor, idea, think, think up.

II. Order, indicate, retell, tell, suggest, show, punish, refuse, order, predict, retell, hint, prediction, legend, decree, order, refusal, order, tale, order.

850. Indicate what stylistic connotation the words have - familiar, ironic or approving. What is the scope of use of each word? Compose or select examples from literary texts. Write them down, mark the spellings.

I. Unlearn, get used to, habit, habit, weaning, getting used to, habitual.

II.Play, lose, flirt, play along, play along, play up, play out, play out, play, lose, play up, draw, playful, play out.

851. Which of the given words in their literal meaning are stylistically neutral, and which have stylistic overtones? What is this color? Prove your position. Give examples of how these words are used in speech. Look up the meanings of unfamiliar words in an explanatory dictionary.

I. Watermelon, drum, blond, usherette, bisector, water, to heart's content, head, single file, disciplinary, inveterate, bosom, faithful, wing, nose, notorious, receive.

II. Subscription, bus, activist, gasp, aerological, flounder, boycott, abandon, finally, meeting, imposing, shipper, do, lawsuit, ice, baby.

852. Determine the stylistic coloring of the following words. In what styles of speech is it appropriate to use each word? If you have any difficulties, consult a dictionary. Compose and write down phrases with stylistically neutral words.

I. Boy, margarine, small, meeting, muddy, not allowed to leave, new thing, fire, autumn, sing, shoulder, empty, equal-sized, once to find out, early, tell, reagent, realism.

II. City, goose, plump, delicate, lanky, fidgety, nonsense, ride, living creatures, bully, west, fuse, coalition, river, row, sequester, seven, tea.

853. Distribute these words into three groups: 1) stylistically neutral, 2) words with a positive connotation, 3) words with a negative connotation. Make up and write down sentences with words from the first group. Look up the lexical meaning of unfamiliar words in an explanatory dictionary.

I. Virgo, landing, jack, darling, big, hot, cocky, blowing, zagozyat, gape, sweetheart, shameful, snag, onlooker, inspiration, unreal, total, boat, rotation, reaction.

II. Advice, maybe, propaganda team, adept, beast, can, fast, implementation, thermometer, get, callus, cross, leader, grabber, hide, old man, build, ton-kilometer, heavy, street, despondency, tenacious, expediency.

854. Give at least 10 nouns denoting women's professions: actress, ballerina, flight attendant, teacher, milkmaid etc. Use a dictionary.

855. Determine the stylistic coloring of each of the words you gave in the previous exercise. Make up and write down sentences with them.

856. Indicate which of the words denoting women's professions (see previous exercises) can be replaced, if necessary, by the corresponding masculine nouns. Test yourself using the explanatory dictionary.

857. Select from magazines and newspapers and write down 10 examples of the use of nouns denoting the professions of men and women.

858. Continue the proposed synonymous series, adding the adjectives that you think are missing. If you have any difficulties, consult a dictionary of synonyms. Describe the semantic meaning and stylistic coloring of each synonym. Make up or select sentences with these words and write them down. Label the spellings you encounter.

Famous, popular, famous, illustrious, glorious, noble, eminent, outstanding, sensational, notorious.

859. From a fragment of the novel “The Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov, write down a synonymous series of words associated with the word die. Indicate the stylistic coloring of the synonyms. Check the stylistic marks in the dictionary.

Claudia Ivanovna died, the customer said.

Well, the kingdom of heaven,” Bezenchuk agreed. - That means the old lady has passed away... Old women, they always pass away... Or they give up their souls to God - it depends on what kind of old lady... Yours, for example, is small and in body, - that means she has passed away. And, for example, the one who is larger and thinner is considered to give her soul to God...

That is, how is it calculated? Who counts?

We count it. From the masters. Here you are, for example, a prominent man, tall, although thin. It is believed that if, God forbid, you die, then you have played the game. And whoever is a merchant, a former merchant guild, has, therefore, been given a long life. And if someone of lesser rank, a janitor, for example, or one of the peasants, they say about him: he threw himself over or stretched out his legs. But when the most powerful die, railway conductors or some of the authorities, it is believed that they give oak...

Well, when you die, what will the masters say about you?

I am a small person. They will say: “Bezenchuk died.”

860. Read the sentences, find synonyms. Indicate which of the synonyms differ in lexical meaning. Test yourself using the explanatory dictionary. Copy the sentences by filling in the missing letters, opening the parentheses, and inserting the necessary punctuation marks.

I. 1. At that moment, contempt drowned out all the feelings of (hatred and anger) in me. 2. The Cossack rushed towards the hetman through the battle with a saber in his hands with mad rage in his eyes. 3. You are a liar.. scoundrel! I cried in rage. You are lying...in the most...shameful way!

(A. Pushkin)

II. 1. And they know everything in the world, countries, all islands, continents: the waters of the ocean and the Volga (mother) river (Tv.) are akin. 2. Athletes from all continents took part in the Olympic Games in Sydney.. (Gas.).

861. Read the sentences, find synonyms. Indicate which of the synonyms differ in stylistic affiliation. Copy the sentences, opening the brackets, inserting missing letters and punctuation marks. Explain your choice.

I. 1. Lunev slowly(n,nn)o walked along the wide al..it, inhaling the deeply fragrant smell of linden trees. (M.G.) 2. The surf threw a bunch of sea grass on the fireplace. (M.G.) 3. From (around) every corner there are flowers! Lush fragrant flowers. (Fed.)

II. 1. Masha smiled, her face came to life. (T.) 2. Ts..revich’s childish face was clear. (P.) 3. So(n, nn) faces stick out from the shops. (Ch.) 4. Sanya (semi) sat on the table drawing faces. (Kav.)

862. Read the sentences. Find synonyms. Indicate how they differ: meaning, belonging to different styles of speech or emotional coloring. Copy the sentences of Part I, inserting missing letters and punctuation marks, and explain. Title the text of Part II, write out a synonymous row from the text. Why did L. Leonov use synonyms?

I. 1. Anna Sergeevna’s conversation with Bazarov continued for a long time. (T.) 2. The battle lasted eight days. (P.) 3. In the wilderness... in the darkness of confinement... my days dragged on for a long time. (P.)

II. And then people start coming. The boy comes running from the shoemaker, beating out shot with his frozen feet. The driver enters, driving the cold into the shop with his blue carcass. Dudin Ermolai, a furrier, pokes his head in here.

And all around moved, floating back, were the old-familiar views of the Yegorov side. Deaf ravines floated past... The clearing ran away playfully, where Egorka, visiting the Bedryagin guy, played lapta with the guys.

(L. Leonov)

863. Read the sentences. Copy, inserting missing letters and punctuation marks, open the brackets. Highlight stylistic synonyms in sentences. Indicate their stylistic coloring, determine their role in speech.

1. The pharmacist was a b..blond woman and at one time happily gave birth to the pharmacist’s daughter.. b..haired and s..spotty. (Hertz.) .2. The dull, sad friendship for the fading Sasha had a sad, mournful afterglow. (Hertz.) 3. Katya adored nature and Arkady beat her, although he didn’t dare admit it. (T.) 4. She sometimes sits in a picturesque pose, but suddenly... this picturesque pose is broken by a completely unexpected (n, nn) and again... fascinating gesture. (Hound.) 5 You and I already have a duel, a constant (n, nn) duel, a continuous struggle. (Ostr.) 6. He [Korovin] wanted something gigantic, immense, striking. (Ch.) 7. How young he was then! How often and ecstatically (n, nn) I laughed - I laughed, and did not laugh! (Bergg.)

864. Distinguish phraseological expressions by stylistic affiliation: highlight those that are appropriate in colloquial and bookish styles of speech, mark neutral ones. Prove your point of view, show examples of using any five phraseological units in speech. In difficult cases, consult a phraseological dictionary.

1. Thing in itself; to rake in the heat with someone else's hands; travel certificate; the first swallow; fall for the bait; seven Fridays a week; walk on hind legs; hour by hour.

2. Lip is not stupid; pulled hard; hand on heart; right angle; in the middle of the day; on the one hand on the other hand...; deflection arrow.

865. Read the phraseological units. Write it down, distributing it in two columns: 1) stylistically neutral, 2) stylistically colored and indicate in brackets whether they have a positive or negative connotation). In what styles of speech is it appropriate to use each phraseological unit?

1. Don’t blow your mustache; headdress; to make mountains out of molehills; one-time benefit; Walnut; give a run; pour from empty to empty; use your brain; Sisyphean labor; muslin young lady; White crow.

2. Play the fool; set a bath; the cat cried; put a knife to your throat; between Scylla and Charybdis; wash your hands; peck on the tongue; Archimedes lever.

866. Read the phraseological units. Explain their meanings, replacing them with synonymous expressions; make sentences with them. How have the values changed? Write down sentences with phraseological units appropriate in poetic speech; If you have any difficulties, consult a phraseological dictionary.

1. Keep your pocket wider; Railway; take place; reckless; puppet government; without hesitation; I can't put my mind to it; at hand.

2. Achilles heel; puzzle over; goof; grated kalach; Versta Kolomenskaya; heavy to climb; ears wither; fictitious capital.

867. Find synonyms in sentences, indicate how they differ from each other, determine the stylistic coloring of the synonyms.

1. Unwell, you say? Are you sick? (L.) 2. Andrei Vasilyevich Gudovich entered on tiptoe. - Sleeping? - That’s right, they accidentally fell asleep. (Bump.) 3. And that’s why music is so scary, has such a terrible effect. (L.T.) 4. But instead of a firm goal, there was uncertainty and confusion in everything. (D.) 5. At the front door stands the doorman Mark, old and decrepit, dressed in a moth-eaten livery. (Ch.) 6. This, my friend, is mockery, mockery. (Ch.) 7. The girl looked at him with mischievous restless eyes. -Are you from here? - Tutoshny. (Sh.)

Self-test questions

1. What words are called synonyms?

2. How do synonyms differ? Give examples.

3. What is the role of synonyms in speech?

4. What types of stylistic colors of words do you know?

5. How is stylistic coloring related to emotionally expressive coloring? Prove it.

Tasks for independent work

868. Compose and write down phrases or sentences with these synonyms. Check the meanings of unfamiliar words in an explanatory dictionary. Indicate the stylistic coloring of the synonyms.

1. Find, find. 2. Build, erect. 3. Distract, interrupt. 4. Bold, courageous, valiant, courageous, courageous. 5. Big, huge, large-scale. 6. Minuscule, small, tiny.

869. Read the sentences. Find synonyms, indicate how they differ from each other, determine their stylistic affiliation and coloring. Copy the first five sentences, filling in the missing letters and punctuation marks and opening the parentheses.

1. - After all, he’s (n..) smart mom! Understand mom, he's stupid! (Ch.) 2. But I... robbed you, damn it... robbed you! After all, I stole from you! (Ch.) 3. (On) against: the worse his circumstances became, the more arrogant and arrogant he became. (T.) 4. At that moment he already realized that her action was beyond the power of captivity... the rest was senseless, reckless, doomed. (Sh.) 5. I have never (never) seen more insightful and intelligent eyes like his tiny... crafty eyes. (T.) 6. I want... not to eat in the human sense... the desire for food, but to eat like a hungry wolf. (Leon.) 7. How do you say? Horror! Instead of an apartment - Vatera, instead of evacuating - evacuation, instead of as if - cubit. (Sh.) 8. But here Titian’s eye becomes an eye inside (n, nn). (Selv.)

870. Compose and write down examples of the use of synonymous expressions in speech. Are the meaning and stylistic coloring of sentences always correlated? Is the lexical meaning of a word unchanged in all cases?

1. Book for children - children's book. 2. Engineer from Moscow - Moscow engineer. 3. Door handle - door handle. 4. Red face - a red face. 5. Postal worker - postal worker - postman. 6. Ticket without a reserved seat - a ticket without a reserved seat.

871. Below are sentences expressing the same idea. Select syntactic synonyms among them. Determine their stylistic coloring. Can you add your own examples? Compose your own series of similar synonyms by analogy, using the material for reference.

He won't lift this barbell. - This barbell is too tough for him. - Where can he lift this barbell? - He can’t lift this barbell. - So he lifted this barbell! - He doesn’t have enough strength to lift this barbell. - He can’t lift this barbell. - This barbell is not for him! - He does not have the ability to lift this barbell. - He would lift this barbell, but he wouldn’t have enough strength. - He is not the person who can lift this barbell. - Who would lift this barbell, but not him. - Lifting this barbell requires strength that he does not have. - To lift this barbell, you need different strength than his. - Lifting this barbell is unthinkable for him.

For reference: " Spartak will not win this match.

872. Compare the following phrases. Indicate in what styles of speech and what communication situations they are appropriate. Do they differ in their lexical meaning? Make up and write down sentences.

1. We walked through the forest - we walked through the forest, to make it easier. 2 Wrote a letter to Onegin - wrote a letter to Onegin. 3. Work in the village - work in the village. 4. Standing by a pillar - standing near a pillar. 5. Skipped out of turn - missed out of turn.

873. Read and compare the examples. In what examples are the norms of literary language violated? Write down stylistically neutral and bookish phrases.

1. He was silent the whole evening - he was silent throughout the entire evening. 2. Served in the navy - served in the navy. 3. Suffered because of neighbors - suffered through neighbors. 4. Fought in the name of happiness - fought for happiness. 3. Be cheerful in life - be cheerful in life.

874. In the landscape description of I. Goncharov, words are missing, they are placed in brackets and combined with other words that are similar in meaning. Select from the proposed synonymous row the word that the writer used. Prove you're right. Test yourself using the text of I. Goncharov’s novel “Frigate “Pallada”.

But nature on Luzon is (the same, constant, unchanging, ordinary), like everywhere else, and (luxurious, rich, magnificent, unusual), like nowhere else. How (beautiful, wonderful, wonderful, amazing) is this union of the northern and southern skies, like a meeting of two beauties in the arms! The Cross and the Ursa, Orion and Conopus seem so close to each other... The evening light in the sky (jasper, violet, azure, finally, so strange) is unusual; dark and beautiful tones that no one can imitate! Where will he get the colors for this piercing white ray of the local stars? How will this (languor, languor, anguish) depict the evening sky, just abandoned by the sun and resting, this warmth and meekness of the moonlit night? The (aquamarine, blue, blue) bay is wonderful, and the green shore, the distant mountains, and all these palm trees, bananas, cedars, bamboos, black, red, brown trees, these streams, islands, dachas - everything is so bright, charming, fantastic Wonderful!

Words for reference: unchanging, rich, beautiful, shimmering, flickering, blue.

875. Find in the works you study in literature lessons examples of poetic words that are not used in everyday speech today. Find modern synonyms of these words and find examples of the use of stylistic synonyms. Write down examples. Indicate different types of stylistic coloring of words.

The stylistic coloring of a word depends on how it is perceived by us: as assigned to a particular style or as appropriate in any speech situation, that is, in common use.

We feel the connection between words and terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture); highlight journalistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); We recognize words in official business style by the clerical coloring (victim, accommodation, prohibited, prescribe).

Bookish words are inappropriate in casual conversation: "On green spaces the first leaves appeared"; "We were walking in the forest array and sunbathed by the pond." Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, A trees, bushes; Not Forest, A forest; Not water, A lake).

Colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, words that are outside the literary norm, cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we have official relations, or in an official setting.

The use of stylistically colored words must be motivated. Taking into account the dependence on the content of speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.

High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important and significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of speakers, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if you, for example, were thirsty, it wouldn’t occur to you to turn to a friend with a tirade on such a trivial matter: “ O my unforgettable comrade and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!»

If words with one stylistic connotation or another are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.

Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example in Aristotle’s Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, it “must be appropriate to the subject of speech”; important things should be spoken seriously, choosing expressions that will give the speech a sublime sound. Trifles are not spoken about solemnly; in this case, humorous, contemptuous words are used, that is, reduced vocabulary. M.V. Lomonosov also pointed out the opposition of “high” and “low” words in the theory of “three calms”. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are degraded, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, abusive.

Of course, when talking, we cannot look into the dictionary every time, clarifying the stylistic markings for this or that word, but we feel which word needs to be used in a certain situation. The choice of stylistically colored vocabulary depends on our attitude to what we are talking about. Let's give a simple example.

The two were arguing:

I can't take seriously what this guy says blond youth,- said one.

And in vain,” the other objected, “the arguments for this blond boy very convincing.

These contradictory remarks express different attitudes towards the young blond: one of the debaters chose offensive words for him, emphasizing his disdain; the other, on the contrary, tried to find words that expressed sympathy. The synonymous riches of the Russian language provide ample opportunities for the stylistic choice of evaluative vocabulary. Some words contain a positive assessment, others - a negative one.

Emotionally and expressively colored words are distinguished as part of the evaluative vocabulary. Words that convey the speaker's attitude to their meaning belong to emotional vocabulary (emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions). Emotional vocabulary expresses various feelings.

There are many words in the Russian language that have a strong emotional connotation. This is easy to verify by comparing words with similar meanings: blond, blond, whitish, white, white, lily; handsome, charming, charming, delightful, cute; eloquent, talkative; proclaim, blurt out, blurt out etc. By comparing them, we try to choose the most expressive ones, which can convey our thoughts stronger and more convincingly. For example, one could say I do not like, but you can find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I disgust. In these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by special expression.

Expression means expressiveness (from lat. expressio- expression). Expressive vocabulary includes words that enhance the expressiveness of speech. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional tension: misfortune, grief, calamity, catastrophe; violent, unrestrained, indomitable, furious, furious. Often synonyms with directly opposite connotations gravitate towards the same neutral word: ask- beg, beg; cry- sob, roar.

Expressively colored words can acquire a variety of stylistic shades, as indicated by the marks in dictionaries: solemn (unforgettable, accomplishments), high (forerunner), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations), poetic (azure, invisible). All of these words differ sharply from the reduced ones, which are marked with marks: humorous (blessed, newly minted), ironic (deign, vaunted), familiar (not bad, whisper), disapproving (pedant), dismissive (daub), contemptuous (sycophant) derogatory (squishy), vulgar (grabber), expletive (fool).

Evaluative vocabulary requires careful attention. Inappropriate use of emotionally and expressively charged words can give speech a comical sound. This often happens in student essays. Eg: “Nozdryov was an inveterate bully.” “All Gogol’s landowners are fools, parasites, slackers and dystrophics.”

Lecture Questions

The concept of style in language. Functional and stylistic coloring of words.

Emotionally expressive coloring of words.

Means of artistic representation (Paths and figures).

1. The concept of style in language. Stylistic coloring of words.

Word style ambiguous. In the broadest sense, style is understood as a set of characteristic features, features inherent in something, distinguishing something 1 . This “something” can be an activity (work style, leadership style, etc.), and a method of execution (swimming style, skiing style, etc.), and a manner of behaving, dressing (he entered in her own style, she dresses in a “retro” style, etc.). In a narrower sense, style means a direction in art distinguished by special features and properties of artistic expression(styles in painting, architecture, music, etc.). There is also a very special meaning of the word style - a method of chronology (old style, new style).

However, most of all and most closely, the concept of style is connected with literature. The word itself style(Greek stylos, lat. stylus) in ancient times meant a stick pointed at one end and rounded at the other, a rod made of wood, bone or metal. The sharp end was used to write on wax tablets, and the rounded end was leveled to write again. “Turn your style around more often!” - this advice meant: correct what you wrote more often, strive for correctness, clarity, brevity, and expressiveness of presentation. It is quite natural that over time they began to say he has a bad style, he has a good style, he has a verbose style, he has a strict style, etc., meaning no longer the instrument of writing, but the qualities of what was written, the features of verbal expression. Subsequently, the writing stick completely went out of use, and in a word style in literature they began to mean manner of using language, variety of language use. This understanding of style is quite correct, but it is of a very general nature and therefore needs at least two clarifications.

Firstly, it should be noted that style – historical category. Throughout the history of the Russian language, the conditions for the formation of styles, their number and relationships have changed. For example, high, middle and low styles in the literature of classicism were determined by the genre of the work and differed from each other mainly in the ratio of the use of “Slavic” and “simple Russian” elements, and modern functional styles are determined by use (functioning) in various spheres of human activity (legal relations, science, etc.) and differ from each other by specific sets of correlative means and methods of linguistic expression. Secondly, it should be borne in mind that the concept of style is applicable to very different cases of language use. Apart from those named by G.O. Vinokur, we can talk, for example, about the styles of a particular literary movement, about the style of a separate work, about the individual style of the writer, etc.

An extensive literature is devoted to styles; many definitions of style as a phenomenon of literature have been proposed. Taking into account the above, we can accept the following: style is a historically established variety of language use, differing from other similar varieties in the features of the composition and organization of linguistic units. This and similar definitions, widespread in the specialized literature, make it possible to apply the concept of “style” to any type of language use. Meanwhile, a tradition has developed in modern philology according to which the concept of style is applied primarily (and sometimes exclusively) to varieties of literary language, although this limitation is usually absent in definitions of style. Consequently, we must take into account that although every style is a type of language use, not every type of language use is usually called a style. The concept of “varieties of language use” is applicable to more general and more specific phenomena; one variety may include other varieties of language use.

Linguistic units, in addition to their basic lexical and grammatical meaning, may also be characterized by additional meanings that relate linguistic units to certain conditions or areas of communication. For example, the word hustler not only means “business person”, but also contains an emotional negative assessment, and in terms of its scope of use it is classified as colloquial. Word overthrow does not simply mean “overthrow”, but contains an emotional connotation of sublimity, solemnity and is used in book vocabulary. Phrase construction When I pass my exams, I will go to my parents- “neutral”, and “I’ll pass the exams - I’ll go to my parents” - colloquial. These and similar characteristics of linguistic units act as stylistic coloring. 2 Stylistically colored called those words, forms of words, sentences, the ability of which to evoke a special impression out of context is due to the fact that they contain not only subject (information about the signified object) and/or grammatical information, but also some additional information, for example, connotations of familiarity, disapproval, approval, etc. 3

There are two types of stylistic coloring: functional-stylistic and emotionally-expressive.

Functional-style fixedness of words 4

Functionally and stylistically colored words include those that are used in one or another area of communication. We feel the connection between words and terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture); highlight journalistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); We recognize words in official business style by the clerical coloring (victim, accommodation, prohibited, prescribe).

From a functional point of view, all means of the national language are divided into 3 groups: neutral (common), bookish, colloquial.

Book words associated primarily with the sphere of intellectual communication ( dissent, nihilist), a significant part of them are borrowed words ( sarcasm, phenomenon) and words of Church Slavonic origin ( exalt, reward).Book words are inappropriate in casual conversation: "On green spaces the first leaves appeared"; "We were walking in the forest array and sunbathed by the pond." Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, A trees, bushes; Not Forest, A forest; Not water, A lake).High vocabulary necessary when talking about something important and significant. This vocabulary finds application in speeches of speakers, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you to turn to a friend with a tirade on such a trivial matter: “ ABOUT my unforgettable comrade and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!»

Conversational, and even more so colloquial words, that is, those that are outside the literary norm, cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we have official relations, or in an official setting.

The use of stylistically colored words must be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.

If words with one stylistic connotation or another are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.

Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example in Aristotle's Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, it “must be appropriate to the subject of speech”; important things should be spoken seriously, choosing expressions that will give the speech a sublime sound. Trifles are not spoken about solemnly; in this case, humorous, contemptuous words are used, that is, reduced vocabulary. M.V. Lomonosov also pointed out the opposition of “high” and “low” words in the theory of “three calms”. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are degraded, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, abusive.

The two were arguing:

– “I can’t take seriously what this blond youth says,” said one.

– And in vain,” the other objected, “the arguments of this blond young man are very convincing.”

However, the differentiating features of scientific, journalistic, official business vocabulary are not always perceived with sufficient certainty , and therefore, when stylistically characterized, a significant number of words are assessed as bookish, in contrast to their commonly used and colloquial synonyms. Due to semantic and stylistic differences most clearly opposedbookish and conversational(colloquial) words; compare: to invade - to get in, to get rid of - to get rid of, to get rid of, to sob - to roar; face - muzzle, mug.

The functional-style stratification of vocabulary is only partially recorded in explanatory dictionaries stylistic marks to the words. The most consistently distinguished are book words, special words, colloquial words, colloquial words, and roughly colloquial words. The corresponding marks are used in the Large and Small academic dictionaries of the Russian language. In the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov, the functional consolidation of words is indicated by stylistic marks: “abusive”, “high”, “ironic”, “bookish”, “disapproving”, “official”, “colloquial”, “colloquial”, “special”, etc. But there is no mark , which would highlight journalistic vocabulary.

In the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D.N. Ushakov's stylistic marks are more diverse; they represent the functional stratification of vocabulary in a more differentiated way. The following labels are given here: “newspaper”, “clerical”, “folk-poetic”, “special”, “official”, “poetic”, “colloquial”, “journalistic”, etc. However, in some cases these labels are outdated. Thus, contractual, recalculation, re-register in D.N. Ushakov’s dictionary are given with the mark “official”, and in Ozhegov’s dictionary - without the mark; chauvinism – respectively: “political” and – without label. This reflects real processes of change in the functional and stylistic affiliation of words.

Unlike functionally fixed, commonvocabulary or interstyle, used in any style of speech without any restrictions. For example, the word house can be used in any context: in an official business document (House No. 7 is subject to demolition); in an article by a journalist fluent in journalistic style (This house was built according to the design of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture); in a comic song for kids (Tili-bom, tili-bom, the cat’s house caught fire (Marsh). In all cases, such words will not stand out stylistically from the rest of the vocabulary.

Common vocabulary lies at the heart of the vocabulary of the Russian language. It is interstyle, neutral words that, as a rule, are the main (core) ones in synonymous rows; they constitute the most important fund of producing bases, around which various derivational connections of related words are formed.

Commonly used vocabulary is also the most frequent: we constantly refer to it both in oral and written speech, in any style, where it performs a primary function - nominative, naming vital concepts and phenomena.

The Russian language is rich in lexical synonyms, which contrast in their stylistic coloring. For example.