Constant and inconstant signs of gerunds. Morphological analysis of gerunds

1. As already noted (see paragraph 3.1. Parts of speech. The word and its forms), the gerund is characterized in linguistics in different ways.

Some linguists consider adverbs to be a special form of the verb, others - an independent part of speech. In this manual we adhere to the latter point of view.

Participle- an independent part of speech, which denotes an additional action, combines the properties of a verb and an adverb and shows how, why, when an action caused by a predicate verb is performed.

The participle answers questions doing what? what did you do? Questions are also possible How? Why? how? When? and etc.

Leaving, waiting, seeing.

A gerund with dependent words is called participial phrase.

Having gone to the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing my brother.

Basic signs of gerunds

A) General grammatical meaning	Examples
This is a designation of an additional action, which shows how the action of the predicate verb is performed.	Standing at the window, he carefully read the note handed to him.
B) Morphological characteristics	Examples
A combination of the characteristics of a verb and an adverb in one word.
Participles are formed from verbs and retain the following characteristics of verbs: transitivity, repayment.	Wed: think(imperfect form, irrevocable) - thinking; think(perfect form, irrevocable) - after thinking; think about it(perfect form, reflexive) - lost in thought
Participles are distributed like verbs.	Thinking about mother - thinking about mother; think about the future - thinking about the future; quarrel with mother - quarrel with mother..
The participles have the following signs of adverbs:
participles are unchangeable words;	Reading, reading, deciding.
The participle depends on the predicate verb.	Having passed the note, he stepped aside.
B) Syntactic features	Examples
In a sentence, the gerund depends on the predicate verb.
In a sentence, the adverbial participle and the adverbial phrase play the role of an adverbial circumstance.	[When?] Passing the note, he stepped aside.

2. Formation of participles- gerunds are formed from verbs using special suffixes - -a, -ya, -v, -lice, -shi:

participles imperfect form are formed from the present tense stem using the suffixes -а, -я:
be silent: silent - at → silently;
decide: deciding - ut → deciding;
participles perfect form are formed from the stem of the infinitive using the suffixes -v, -vshi, -shi:
shut up: shut up - t → falling silent;
decide: decide - t → having decided;
to do: busy - t-xia → busy;
bring: brought - you → brought.

3. Single gerunds can lose the characteristics of a verb and become adverbs. In this case, the former gerunds cease to denote a secondary action (they cannot be replaced by verbal forms, they usually cannot be asked questions doing what? what did you do?), but denote only a sign of action, like adverbs, and answer the question how? Participles that have become adverbs are not separated by commas.

For example: Dasha listened silently, often closing her eyes (Gorbatov).

Closing- a gerund, since it has dependent words and can be replaced by a verb form (cf.: Dasha listened and often closed her eyes).

Silently- an adverb, since it no longer denotes an additional action (one question is asked to it How?; question doing what? cannot be specified); in this context, the following actions cannot be compared as equal actions: listened And was silent(silence accompanied the only action - listened).

4. Morphological analysis of gerunds:

Plan for parsing participles

I	Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.
II	Initial form. Morphological characteristics:
	A	Constant morphological characteristics:
		1	view;
		2	repayment.
	B	Variable morphological characters(unchangeable word).
III	Role in sentence(which part of the sentence is the participle in this sentence).

He hurt himself falling from a horse(Turgenev).

Having fallen

Participle, as it denotes an additional action; answers the questions When? what did you do?
N. f. - having fallen. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) perfect form;
2) irrevocable.
B) Variable morphological features (unchangeable word).
Forms an adverbial phrase with a noun form from a horse; in a sentence, the participial phrase is an adverbial adverb of time.

In the Russian language course, students conduct examples of analysis of this mysterious part of speech in our article. We will also try to figure out step by step what difficulties await the guys in this work.

Part of speech

Participles and gerunds are the most mysterious groups of speech in our language. It is believed that most spelling and punctuation errors are associated with them. This is explained by the fact that scientists have not yet decided which category to classify them in - independent or not. They borrowed most of their features from the verb. Therefore, by performing participles and gerunds, we will see how similar they are to their “progenitor”.

However, the presence of their own grammatical categories allows us to call them independent parts. In such a controversial situation, unfortunately, there is no clear opinion among linguists. But at the same time, both adverbial and participial phrases have their own plan for morphological analysis. This once again shows how special these speech groups are.

Signs

Now we can move on to study in detail the morphological analysis of the gerund. We give examples of such work below. The characteristics of this part, denoting an additional action, include appearance, as well as recurrence. Let's take a closer look at them.

The imperfect form denotes an action that has yet to be completed at a certain moment. His distinctive question is “what to do?” at the verb and “what by doing?” at the gerund.

For example: speak - speaking.

This form is used when the process of action is still ongoing or occurred sometime in the past, but has not yet ended.

The next type is called perfect. Already from its name it is clear that it is the opposite in meaning to imperfect. This type conveys an action completed at a point in time. The question characteristic of him is “what did you do?”

For example: Run (what to do?) - verb, come running (what to do?) - gerund.

For example: admire (verb) - admiring (gerund).

Syntactic features

Participles, examples of which we will consider after studying all its details, are not an easy task. After studying its characteristics, you can go to which one it plays. Since the main feature of the gerund is immutability, borrowed from the adverb, their questions will be similar. In a sentence, it usually plays the role of circumstance.

For example: While walking down the street without a hat, a child caught a cold.

We ask a question from the verb “sick” to the gerund “walking” (how?). Thus, it is a circumstance denoting a course of action.

But it is worth taking into account the fact that it is not single. That is, this gerund in this example has words dependent on it: walking (where?) - along the street and walking (how?) - without a hat. And, as you know, their presence indicates that what is in front of us. In this sentence it is expressed by an adverbial phrase. What to do in this case, starting to emphasize this part of the sentence? Without a doubt, highlight the entire construction of the turnover as a circumstance. In linguistics it is customary to underline it with a dotted line with dots between it. Do not forget that such a phrase is always separated by commas. In this case, it does not matter in what position the main word for him is located.

Analysis plan

It's time to perform a morphological analysis of the participle. We will provide a sample immediately after drawing up a clear algorithm.

We determine the part of speech by asking a question (what by doing? What by doing?).
We put the word in its initial form, identifying the verb that formed it and the characteristic suffix.
We analyze the morphological characteristics: we determine the species (owl/non-owl), look at the suffix and ascertain the recurrence in the presence of -sya.
We characterize this part of speech as a member of a sentence.

The morphological analysis of gerunds has such a simple plan.

Examples

Having collected the necessary information about this part of speech, you can proceed to its analysis.

Let's consider an example: With the onset of spring, the streams began to run loudly and murmuring.

In this sentence we will conduct a morphological analysis of the gerund “zhurcha”.

Doing what? - Zhurcha (gerund participle).
We find signs. The view is imperfect, since it answers the question “doing what?” The action is unfinished, continuing during that period of time. Since there is no suffix -sya, this participle is irrevocable.
The syntactic role is a circumstance. Firstly, it depends on the verb, and secondly, it has dependent words and is part of the phrase (murmuring loudly). According to this, we single it out entirely as a separate circumstance.

The next example that we will analyze is this: The wind blew coolness across the forest, rustling the leaves of the trees.

Here we need to perform a morphological analysis of the gerund “rustle”.

Doing what? - rustling (gerund).
We find signs. The view is imperfect, because the word answers the question “what are you doing?” Derived from the verb “to babble” plus the suffix -a. The absence of the suffix -sya confirms that the participle is irrevocable.
In a sentence it is a circumstance. It depends on the verb “blown” and answers the question “how?”

In addition, it subordinates the phrase “tree foliage.” This suggests that we have before us We will underline it entirely with a dotted line with dots.

Conclusion

In this article we studied one of the most unusual parts of speech. Having examined the participle from different angles, we were able to analyze it, as well as create an algorithm for its implementation. If you know all the subtleties, then no difficulties should arise during analysis. We wish you good luck in this work!

One of the verbal features of a gerund is aspect. In this lesson you will learn how to form perfect and imperfect participles. You will also get acquainted with the plan for the morphological analysis of gerunds and work it out with examples.

Topic: Participle

Lesson: Perfect and imperfect participles. Morphological analysis of gerunds

Plan for morphological analysis of gerunds

1. Part of speech, general meaning.

2. Morphological characteristics: constant: immutability, appearance, recurrence; There are no inconsistent signs.

3. Syntactic role.

Sample:

Garden, more and more thinning out, passing into a real meadow, went down to the river (A.P. Chekhov). Let's parse the word thinning out.

1. Redea

1. Moving on - gerund, denotes an additional action.

2. Morphological characteristics: unchangeable, unchangeable. c., irrevocable.

3. In a sentence it is a circumstance.

Homework

№ 174; № 179; № 188 Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.

Task No. 1. Form possible gerunds from these verbs. Highlight the suffixes of the gerunds. Don't forget about the form of verbs.

Execute, rush, write off, praise, surprise, be interested in, move on, take care of, find.

Task No. 2. Write out the participles from the proverbs, opening the brackets. Perform a morphological analysis of one of the gerunds.

1. Having (not) given the words, be strong, and having given them, hold on.

2. (Not) knowing the ford, (don’t) stick your nose into the water.

3. Angry at the fleas and throwing the fur coat into the oven.

4. When you take off your head, you don’t cry over your hair.

5. We don’t keep what we have; when we lose it, we cry.

6. (If you don’t) crack a nut, you can’t eat the kernel.

1. Russian language. Didactic materials. Section “Communications” ().

2. Poems about love by the classics, poems about love - poems by the best poets. Rules of the Russian language. Participle ().

3. Internet portal xenoid.ru. Lectures and electronic textbooks. Participle ().

Literature

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.

3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.

4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts, 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.

Morphological analysis of the participle(analysis under number 3)
Check with your textbook: participle and gerund are defined in it as verb forms, or as independent parts of speech.
Notes:

Participles can be determined by questions (which? What does he do? By whom...?) and by suffixes:

Active past participle (-вш-, -ш-). Suffix -sh used when the stem of the infinitive ends in a consonant:
carry→ carried, carried→ carrying
(Note that the suffix -sh- is also used if the verb ends in -shibit, -eret: wipe - wiped, bruise - bruised. The erroneous forms wiped, bruised are unacceptable in literary language).
Passive past participle (-enn-, -nn-, -t-)
Active present participle (-уш-, -уш-, -аш-, -яж-)
Passive present participles (-em-, -om-, -im-)

Participles do not have future forms. Only participles formed from imperfective verbs have present tense forms.
Short participles, like short adjectives, act as a predicate in a sentence: The computer is grounded.
Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs and have a full and short form

Signs by which you can distinguish a verbal adjective from a participle:
1) Verbal adjectives are formed only from verbs of the imperfect form: boiled milk (but there is a whole series of verbal adjectives-exceptions: made, cutesy, seen, desired, arrogant, minted, cursed, slow, sacred, unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected, unexpected, unexpected , read, watchful eye).
2) Verbal adjectives do not have prefixes: fried cutlet, confused answer. If the prefix not- is added to an adjective, then it remains an adjective and is written with one n: slaked lime - quicklime;
3) Verbal adjectives do not have dependent words: sauerkraut, compare: sauerkraut for the winter.
4) Verbal words in -ovanny, -evanny - adjectives: transformed, sterilized.

Examples of morphological analysis of participles

Analysis of the participle as a verb form:	Analysis of the participle as an independent part of speech
rotating- verb, beginning form spin; constant signs: non-transition, return, NSV, II reference. (excl.); non-post. signs: in the form of a participle, actual, present. time, women kind, units numbers, I. p.; synth. role: definition.	rotating- prib., beg. rotating shape; fast. signs: return, NSV, real, present. time; non-post signs: for women kind, units number, I. p.; synth. role: definition.
(With) played– verb, initial form – play; constant features: NSV, irrevocable, intransitive, 1st reference, active, past tense; inconstant signs: plural, etc.; synth. role: definition.	(With) played– parable, initial form – playing; constant signs: irrevocable, NSV, real, past tense; non-constant signs: plural, etc.; synth. role: definition.
running- verb, beginning form run;post. signs: non-transition, non-return, NSV, I reference; non-continuous. signs: in the form of a participle, actual, present. time, wed. kind, units numbers, I. p.; synth. role: definition.	running - acc., beginning running form; fast. signs: non-returnable, NSV, valid, present. time; non-post signs: on Wed. kind, units number, I. p.; synth. role: definition.
grounded- verb, beginning form ground;cont. signs: transition, non-return, NE, II reference; non-constant. signs: in the form of a participle, suffer., past. Time, full uniform, male Rhoda, units numbers, P. p.; synth. role: definition.	grounded- prib., beg. form grounded; fast. signs: irrevocable, SV, passive, past. time; non-post signs: in full uniform, husband Rode, units h., P. p.; synth. role: definition.
purchased– verb, initial form – buy; constant signs: SV, irrevocable, transitional, 2 sp.; non-constant signs: full. passive, present Vr., singular, male, r.p.; synth. role: definition.	purchased– adverb., initial form – purchased; constant signs: irrevocable, SV, passive, present. temporary; intermittent signs: full. f., singular, male, r.p.; synth. role: definition.

Morphological analysis of gerunds(analysis under number 3)

Notes:

Participle – denotes an additional action, answers the questions: what are you doing? (NSV) or having done what? (SV). Participles imperfect form formed from the present tense stem using suffixes -and I:

keep silent: silently-at → silentlyA ;
decide: deciding-yut → decidingI .
Participles perfect form formed from the stem of the infinitive using suffixes -v, -lice, -shi:
shut up: shut up-th → shut upV ;
decide : decide-th → decideV ;
do : busy-th-Xia→ busylice sya;
bring : brought-ti → broughtshi .

The syntactic role of a gerund can only be determined in the context of a sentence. If there are dependent words, it is part of the circumstance; if not, it is a circumstance.
A gerund may become an adverb, but it is deprived of all verbal categories, i.e. values of type, time, voice and control: Neither bread nor clothing is obtained by lying. We must attack immediately.

Participles that have turned into adverbs are found in phraseological combinations: carelessly, folded arms, teeming with people, etc., as well as adverbial phrases: apparently; as a matter of fact and so on.

Examples of morphological analysis of gerunds

Analysis of gerunds as verb forms:	Analysis of gerunds as an independent part of speech
sipping- verb, beginning form sip;post. signs: transition, non-return, NSV, I reference; non-post. signs: in the form of a gerund; synth. role: part of the circumstance.	sipping- participle; fast. signs: transition, non-return, NSV, unchangeable; non-post signs: none; synth. role: part of the circumstance.
stumbling- verb, beginning form - stumble. constant signs: non-transition, return, NSV, I reference; non-post. signs: in the form of a gerund; synth. role: part of the circumstance.	stumbling– gerund. post. signs: non-transition, return, NSV, unchangeable, non-continuous. signs: none;synth. role: part of the circumstance.
having graduated- verb, beginning form finish;post. signs: transition, non-return, NE, II reference; non-constant. signs: in the form of a gerund; synth role: part of a circumstance.	having graduated- participle; post. signs: transitory, non-returnable, NE, unchangeable; non-constant. signs: no; synth role: part of the circumstance.