Public savings presentation. Presentation on social studies "savings and investments"
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Problems of savings and investment. Performed by Gevorg Mkhitaryan
Equilibrium between investments and savings as the most important condition for macroeconomic equilibrium. Model S–I. Model of total expenditures and incomes (Keynesian cross). The problem of converting savings into investments in modern Russia.
The Keynesian approach was developed on the basis of factual materials after the Great Depression (1929-1933), when it was understood that in order to avoid significant losses from a decline in production, an active government policy to regulate it was necessary. Keynesian economic theory - theory of aggregate demand
Classical and Keynesian concepts Classical. economic theory: 1. economics is characterized by the situation AD = AS; 2. prices are flexible (P, salary, %) and the money market always provides S (i) = I (i) – interest rate fluctuations; 3. voluntary unemployment 4. neutrality of the state. Keynesian economic theory: 1.full employment of factors of production is a random phenomenon; 2. the economy is characterized by disequilibrium, the reason is the discrepancy between I and S, because I (i) = S (Y , i) ; 3. forced unemployment 4. coordinating government intervention
Forms of investment Actual investment is the sum of planned and unplanned investments Unplanned investment is a firm's unplanned inventory Planned expenditure is the sum of goods and services that households, firms, the government and the outside world plan to spend Autonomous investment - its amount does not depend on ND Incentivized ( induced) investments - their value depends on fluctuations in total income
The “Investment – Savings” model is used to determine the equilibrium volume of production along with the “income – expenses” model S Y Y 2 Y 1 Y 3 A Accumulation of inventories Reduction of inventories S I
The volume of production is greater than the equilibrium (t.A) is an excess of the level of savings, which means a reduction in consumption, which results in a decrease in production and output (increase in inventory) and vice versa - a reduction in savings leads to an increase in consumption and growth in output (reduction in inventory).
The “I – S” model can be used to illustrate the so-called “paradox of thrift.” As the population increases savings (shift of the S curve to the left upward), consumption and aggregate demand decrease, and therefore the equilibrium volume of production S S 2 S 1 I Y 2 Y 1 Y A B
Why are savings growing? With the growth of capital accumulation, the marginal efficiency of its functioning decreases; As income increases, the share of savings increases, because... savings is an increasing function of income
Conclusion: That is society's attempt to save more (savings curve upward) turns out to be futile due to a multiple decrease in equilibrium income.
The conclusion of the classics: The money market effectively links decisions about savings and investments; a shift in the savings curve also shifts the investment curve upward, so the equilibrium ND will remain at the same level. The structure of production will change: more investment goods will lead to faster economic growth.
What will happen to the AS (classics) curve? The desire of households to save more will move the AS curve down and the inflation rate will decrease. Increasing savings in this case will help reduce inflation.
The planned expenditure function E= C + I + G + X n is depicted as a consumption function and shifted upward by the amount a + I + G + Xn, where a is autonomous investment E = C + I + G + X n E Y Income, real flow rate a+I+G+Xn
Keynesian cross The line of planned expenditures intersects the line of real and planned expenditures (Y = E at point A), this is the “Keynesian cross” graph. At point A, income = planned expenses and planned investments = actual investments = savings, i.e. macroeconomic equilibrium is achieved A E (planned expenses) Y=E E=C+I+G+Xn Y (income, real expenses) Y 0
Conclusion Equality AD = AS in the Keynesian cross model is achieved without state (Government) intervention - the mechanism for achieving this is fluctuations in inventories in goods and materials.
Conclusion: The Keynes cross specifies the AD-AS model for the purposes of short-term macroeconomic analysis with “sticky” prices and cannot be used to study the long-term consequences of macroeconomic policies associated with rising or falling inflation rates
Equilibrium in the economy is not an optimal situation. If investment is low, the equilibrium level implies high unemployment. If investment begins to exceed savings, this becomes an impetus for inflationary price increases.
If the desired goal is the level of national income under conditions of full employment, then deviations from this level mean deflationary and inflationary gaps.
The task of analyzing macroeconomic equilibrium is to determine not only the equilibrium volume of production, but also to evaluate it, i.e. compare it with the potential level.
A recessionary gap is a situation in which the equilibrium output is less than its potential level. 45 ° А В Е Y 0 Y * E=C+I+G+X n Y=E Recession gap Y
The recession gap is the amount by which AD is less than the level of production. A recessionary gap has a depressive (constricting) effect on the economy - the lag of the actual income from the potential is equal to: the lag is equal to its volume multiplied by the multiplier.
The inflation gap is a situation in which the equilibrium output is greater than its potential level. 45 ° А В Е Y 0 Y * E=C+I+G+X n Y=E Inflation gap Y
The inflation gap is the amount by which AD exceeds the level of income at full employment. With an inflation gap, most of the income goes to consumption, increased demand puts pressure on prices upward, and demand inflation occurs. Overheating is equal to - its value multiplied by the multiplier
Conclusion: Overcoming recessionary and inflationary gaps is possible only with the help of the regulatory influence of the Government and the Central Bank. In other words, if the equality AD = AS is achieved, in principle, automatically, then the equality AD = AS = Y can only be achieved as a result of such an intervention.
As a result, to the initial two elements of demand - consumption and investment - government spending is added, which characterizes demand from the state.
An alternative choice is either economic growth in the future while limiting current consumption; or abandoning restrictions on current consumption at the cost of worsening conditions for long-term economic growth.
Obstacles standing in the way of innovative and technological development: Investment and credit banking risks; Imperfection of Russian legislation (laws and norms change frequently); Lack of transparency of Russian business; Low level of production development; High energy intensity of Russian production; Low incomes of the majority of the population; High inflation.
State regulation of investment activities of the Russian Federation, carried out in the form of capital investments Creation of favorable conditions: protection of the financial market tax and depreciation mechanism protection of the interests of investors development of financial leasing revaluation of fixed assets in accordance with the rate of inflation Direct participation of the state: development and financing of investment projects at the expense of the federal budget presentation on a competitive basis, guarantees for investment projects; use of budget funds on a competitive basis for investment projects on a repayable basis; carrying out examination of investment projects; development and approval of standards, rules and regulations
Solving the problem of converting savings into investments is the most important condition for the innovative and technological development of Russia. System operation: savings bank investments
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Savings, savings Savings are the accumulated part of the population's monetary income, intended to meet needs in the future. Savings are used to purchase securities and other financial instruments, or are placed in the form of bank deposits. Personal savings are the portion of household income after taxes that is not spent on consumer goods.
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Purchasing durable items Purchasing works of art Purchasing real estate Endowment insurance Purchasing precious metals Purchasing currency Bank deposits Collecting Storing cash Savings and savings Ways to save family money
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How to save in different situations Learn to cook yourself. Make jam, pickle vegetables, make sauces, make and freeze cutlets for future use. Fast food and convenience foods from the store will cost more, and they are also less healthy. Do not cook in large portions - for a couple of days at most. Otherwise, you will get bored with the dish and you will want “something tasty.” And this is extra spending in the store. Replace your usual trip to a restaurant with a lamp evening for two at home or an intimate party with friends. Ask each guest to bring their favorite dish - this way you will create a delicious table. Take advantage of the hygge advice from the Danes: let the person who comes to visit you bring some preparations (pickles, jam, etc.). All this will be put on the table during the next holiday. Cooking
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Try buying clothes not in boutiques, where you also pay for rent of retail space, but on the Internet. There is a good selection of quality clothing on AliExpress. The main thing is to study the reviews, consult with the seller about the sizes. Join joint purchases (they are on social networks): this allows you to save a lot. Buy things for children (shoes, jackets, hats, etc.) secondhand. Children grow quickly, so used children's clothing is usually sold in good to very good condition. There is a whole list of children's things that you can easily do without, which means you can save a lot of money. Don't throw away old things right away, give them a second life. Go to the cinema after the premiere ends. After a week or two, tickets usually become cheaper. Keep track of special screenings: morning or late evening screenings are usually cheaper. Plan your vacation in advance. This is a good opportunity to purchase a tour at a very attractive price, as well as buy train or plane tickets at a good discount. You will also have more choice than during the high season. On vacation, if possible, cook yourself. Eating in resort cafes is expensive. How to save in different situations Buying things Vacation
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Find the right hairdresser, manicurist, etc. through word of mouth. When a specialist works for himself and not in a beauty salon, the service costs less. Replace expensive creams with cheap but more effective products. For example, a mixture of liquid vitamins, moisturizer and cosmetic oils (all sold at the pharmacy) will cost a small amount, but the effect is amazing. Give up bad habits. Calculate how much money you spend on cigarettes and alcoholic parties on Fridays. Add to this amount the costs of treatment that are likely to await you in the future. Walk more, breathe fresh air, sleep a lot. Use half the amount of powder, tablets or gel specified in your washing machine or dishwasher instructions. Often this is enough. Don't forget to submit your meter data monthly. Insulate your windows to avoid using heaters. Install energy-saving light bulbs. Save water: turn it off when brushing your teeth; take a shower, not a bath. How to save in different situations Personal care Everyday life
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Some tips on how to learn to save money and save even with a small salary 1. Save money right away Create a special deposit to which you transfer 10% of all your income immediately after receiving it. For example, you received an advance of 5,000 rubles - immediately transfer 500 rubles to your account. It is optimal to create a deposit for these purposes that can be replenished, but from which you cannot withdraw money until the end. This way, you won’t be able to spend your saved money on some emotional purchase. 2. Have a stash that you can spend There are people who are susceptible to emotional purchases. They often regret buying a fashion item almost immediately after purchasing it. Under the influence of emotions, it is difficult for such people not to withdraw money from the only deposit that we talked about in the first paragraph. If you are one of these people, open two deposits: Main for savings. Transfer 10% of all income to it. Reserve, to which you transfer 2-5% of all income. If you want to buy something, spend money from the reserve deposit, but do not touch the main one. This way you will protect your main savings from emotional waste.
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3. Analyze small expenses To learn how to save money, it is useful to analyze your expenses. Over the course of a month, you can make many small expenses, which can ultimately add up to a decent amount. For example, you pay for a home phone, but only talk on your mobile phone. Turn off your home phone and save 200-300 rubles per month. Perhaps your expensive Internet tariff is of no use to you, and you can switch to a cheaper tariff, the speed of which will also be enough for you? Get another 100-200 rubles in savings per month. Stop watching TV if you have the Internet. You will save 300-400 rubles per month on digital television. It seems that 100-200 rubles are little things. However, saving 100 rubles per month results in saving 1,200 rubles per year. If you find 10 such small expenses, you will save 12,000 rubles in a year. This is decent money, especially if the salary is small. 4. Keep home accounting If you want to learn how to save money even with a small salary, keep home accounting. Write down all your expenses and analyze them every month. You will find many expenses that you can actually avoid. You can keep track of expenses in Excel. There are also special programs for managing income and expenses that allow you to conveniently group and analyze information. One of the most popular programs for these purposes is “Home Accounting”.
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6. Plan large purchases in advance How many times have you seen a picture in stores: people came to buy certain equipment, but under the influence of the seller they bought a more expensive model with functions that they actually do not need. Plan all major purchases in advance. Study reviews of the gadget you are interested in on the Internet, choose the model that is optimal in price and features, and buy it in the store. If they offer you a more expensive item, think about whether you really need that amount of memory or a slightly larger screen with a price difference of 2 times? 5. Buy according to the list Download an application on your smartphone that allows you to make a shopping list. There are many free applications with this functionality. Before going to the store, make a list of the items you need to buy. Buy only planned items. This way you will protect yourself from emotional purchases and purchasing things that you don’t really need. Making a shopping list is a good way to save money. If you have a small salary, you can spend it optimally and still save money. 7. Don’t take loans If you have a small salary, you shouldn’t take loans. Even a small delay and a fine can transfer you to dry rations. Therefore, try to buy everything without loans or installments. If your smartphone is broken and you don’t have money for a new one, buy a regular push-button phone. It is better to postpone the purchase of a smartphone until you have saved up for it.
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How to motivate yourself to save Save money every month not “just in case,” but for a specific goal. For example, for travel, buying a car or other expensive item. Calculate how much an hour of your time costs: divide your salary by the number of working hours. Determine how much you need to work to pay for jeans that have never been “walked”, or for the 10th smartphone case. Use special applications to control expenses. They clearly show how much money you are wasting. Analyze where exactly a significant portion of your budget is spent. Try to completely or at least partially give up these expenses for a month. The result will most likely pleasantly surprise you. What you shouldn’t save on: High-quality and fresh products. Proper nutrition is one of the most important factors in maintaining health. Therefore, you save at least on treatment. On good clothes and shoes. The principle “I’m not rich enough to buy cheap things” applies here. A quality product lasts longer. On travel and vacation. A change of environment is a good way to fully relax and improve performance. Which means earning more. On your own development.
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Budget is... D is less than P - ... D is more than P - ... D is equal to P - ...
All-Russian Savings Week 2015 The necessary knowledge to take care of personal financial well-being this fall is available to everyone within the framework of the Project “Promoting the level of financial literacy of the population and the development of financial education in the Russian Federation” of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
All-Russian Savings Week 2015 The largest All-Russian event, the goal of which is to provide the population of the Russian Federation with convenient access to opportunities to independently increase the level of personal financial literacy. As part of the program of events, participants will have access to the following opportunities free of charge: participation in thematic seminars, consultations, testing, calculators, a library of materials, etc. The event is being implemented within the framework of the Project of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation “Promotion of increasing the level of financial literacy of the population and the development of financial education in the Russian Federation » Within the framework of the Project “Promoting the level of financial literacy of the population and the development of financial education in the Russian Federation” of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
Audience More than 30 regions participate in the project: Moscow St. Petersburg Moscow Region Altai Territory Arkhangelsk Region Volgograd Region Kaliningrad Region Krasnodar Territory Krasnoyarsk Territory Novosibirsk Region Omsk Region Stavropol Territory Republic of Tatarstan Tomsk Region others Potential audience coverage of 10.5 million citizens Within the framework of the Assistance Project increasing the level of financial literacy of the population and developing financial education in the Russian Federation" of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation Event participants: Economically active population Young families Women Pensioners Students and schoolchildren Parents Entrepreneurs Financial market professionals
Infrastructure Online platform (federal) Open lectures, seminars, master classes Competitions Expert consultations Off-line activities in the regions Poster of events Online consultations Library of materials Financial calculators SBERDEN.RU Within the framework of the Project “Promoting the level of financial literacy of the population and development financial education in the Russian Federation" of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation Moscow Financial marathon (race for financial health) Financial health festival at the Expocenter (exhibition, master classes, play area, consultations, etc.)
Educational standard Project partners in organizing events are guided by the Memorandum of Social Responsibility on Financial Education and Consumer Protection Only tutors accredited under the program of the Ministry of Finance have the right to conduct educational events Educational events are carried out on the basis of the approved modular program of the Ministry of Finance Within the framework of the Project “Promoting the level of financial literacy” population and development of financial education in the Russian Federation" of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
Project partners Opportunities for participation: Drawing audience attention to learning opportunities Participation in lectures, seminars, consultations and online (available for accredited tutors) Organizing a stand within the framework of the Moscow Festival and Race (under the terms of sponsorship) As part of the Project “Assistance” increasing the level of financial literacy of the population and developing financial education in the Russian Federation" Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation Administrations of participating cities Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Rospotrebnadzor, DIA, NPFR, Russian Post Financial companies: banks, insurance, non-state pension funds, management companies Educational institutions : universities, educational centers Consumer market companies: retail chains, telecom, sports and leisure centers, restaurant chains Media: federal and regional, social networks
Activity calendar 7 “days” that will change your financial life! “Monday” “Tuesday” “Wednesday” “Thursday” “Friday” “Saturday” “Sunday” September 19* September 26 October 3 October 10 October 17 October 24 October 31 – November 1 Start of the program Recipe 1. Managing the family budget and careful consumption , calculations Recipe 2. Financial planning and protection from risks Recipe 3. Investing in the future (investing, pension) Recipe 4. Protecting consumer rights Recipe 5. Smart lending Finish of the program Run for financial health Financial health festival * Dates are subject to change when organizing events Within the framework of the Project “Promoting the level of financial literacy of the population and the development of financial education in the Russian Federation” of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
“Monday” Run for financial health September 19, 2015 Off-line: running marathon on basic financial knowledge as part of autumn running marathons Broadcast of the marathon in different cities Promotional materials on financial health Nominations and prizes for champions On-line: activities on the Sberden website .ru Open testing Calculator “Financial Diagnostics” Recipes for financial health Within the framework of the Project “Promoting the level of financial literacy of the population and the development of financial education in the Russian Federation” of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
“Tuesday” Family budget management and careful consumption, calculations September 26, 2015 Off-line: events at partner sites Open seminars in the offices of financial companies “Saving and using bank cards” Open lectures at universities and educational centers Workshops on profitable shopping and wardrobe selection in shopping malls centers Master classes from payment systems and banks on the safe use of bank cards and privilege programs from partners Online: activities on the website Sberden.ru Open video lectures and expert consultations Calculators and programs for managing personal budgets, brochures and reminders in the library of materials Within the framework of the Project “Promoting the level of financial literacy of the population and the development of financial education in the Russian Federation” of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
"Sreda" Financial planning and risk protection October 3, 2015 Off-line: events at partner sites Open lectures at universities and educational centers Master classes from banks and insurance companies on insurance protection and savings Presentation of solutions for accounting for personal finances Excursions to bank museums and insurance companies Financial planning and insurance programs Personal financial planning for those interested Online: activities on the website Sberden.ru Open video lectures and expert consultations Calculators and programs for personal financial planning, reminders and educational modules, videos in the library of materials Within the Project “Promotion of increasing the level of financial literacy of the population and the development of financial education in the Russian Federation” of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
“Thursday” Investment in the future: investing, pension October 10, 2015 Off-line: events at partner sites Master classes from financial companies on investment and pension products, financial planning Excursions to bank museums Lectures at partner universities Lectures at the Pension Fund of Russia Seminars on investment and pension planning from Partners Online: activities on the website Sberden.ru Open video lectures and expert consultations Calculators and programs for investment and pension planning, reminders and educational modules, videos in the library of materials As part of the Project “Promoting the level of financial literacy of the population and development of financial education in the Russian Federation" of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
“Friday” Protection of consumer rights October 17, 2015 Off-line: events at partner sites Open lectures on protecting consumer rights of various financial services Consumer patrol - research of proposals Legal consultations Online: activities on the website Sberden.ru Open video lectures and expert consultations Memo of actions to protect rights in any situation, memos, instructions, important contacts, examples of documents Within the framework of the Project “Promoting the level of financial literacy of the population and the development of financial education in the Russian Federation” of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
“Saturday” Smart lending October 24, 2015 Off-line: events at partner sites Open lectures at universities and educational centers Seminars on credit programs Master classes on debt management and credit history Seminars on insurance programs for borrowers On-line: activities on the website Sberden.ru Open video lectures and expert consultations Loan calculators, reminders and training modules Within the framework of the Project “Promoting the level of financial literacy of the population and the development of financial education in the Russian Federation” of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
“Sunday” Financial Health Festival, Moscow October 31 – November 1, 2015 Exhibition zoned space in the Expocentre* *Venues are being discussed Basic activities of the festival A series of open lectures and master classes Creative workshops Financial kitchen Children’s play area Money changer area Women’s gazebo Competitions, games, quizzes Consultations experts Star secrets of financial well-being Financial education (game lessons for children and parents) Financial kitchen (master classes on preparing financial well-being) Cost-effective wardrobe (image consulting area) Safe and efficient payments (master classes)
About the organizer: “Academy of Personal Finance” and “Institute of Financial Planning” Within the framework of the Project “Promoting the level of financial literacy of the population and the development of financial education in the Russian Federation” of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Organizers have extensive experience in implementing financial literacy projects. Example of projects: Project to develop and test modular educational programs to improve financial literacy for adults for the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation; Project to strengthen the capacity of Rospotrebnadzor specialists in the field of protecting the rights of consumers of financial services; Project “Financial Literacy Week” for children and schoolchildren (Special project for the female target audience “Financial Health” (Game-based educational program for children and their parents “Self-instruction manual for family finances for children and their parents” (Financial literacy in the workplace (“Gameland”) , TNK-BP, RUSAL); And many others.
All-Russian Savings Week 2015 The necessary knowledge to take care of personal financial well-being this fall is available to everyone Contacts: Event curator Evgenia Bliskavka, Accreditation of tutors for participation in the Week: Tamara Lepetova, + 7 (499), Participation in the Week (online and regions): Rusakova Nadezhda, media partners: Komleva Zoya, + 7 (985), Participation in the Moscow Festival and Race: Anna Vasilyeva,
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Consumption function C = f (Y) E Consumption expenses (C) Y Y E Consumption function 45⁰ C S (+) S (-)
Saving function S = Y – C or S = Y – f (Y) Saving function Saving (S) Y Y E S S (+) S (-)
Average propensity to consume and save Average propensity to consume Average propensity to save C APC Consumer expenditure Disposable income = = Y S = APS Saving Disposable income = Y
Marginal propensity to consume and save Marginal propensity to consume Marginal propensity to save Δ C MPC Changes in consumption Changes in income = = Δ Y Changes in saving = MPS Changes in income = Δ S Δ Y
Sum of marginal propensity to consume and marginal propensity to save MPC + MPS = = Δ Y Δ С Δ С Δ Y Δ Y Δ (C + S) + = 1
The simplest multiplier formula: ΔY - increase in national income (product) Mp - a numerical coefficient called the multiplier Δ E - increase in total expenditures ΔY = Mp Δ E
Multiplier formula Mp – multiplier MPC – marginal propensity to consume MPS – marginal propensity to save 1 M p = 1 1 - MPC = MPS
Accelerator I – derivative (stimulated) investments h – acceleration coefficient ΔY – change in income I = h Δ Y
Keynesian model of macroeconomic equilibrium E1 E Y Y1 45⁰ C C + I C + I + G + X n Y2 Y 3 E2 E 3 Δ Y Δ I
Functions for constructing the “Keynes cross” 1. Total expenditure function E = C + I +G + X n 2. Consumption function C = c + MPC (Y – T) 3. Saving function S = s + MPS (Y – T) 4 . Investment function I = i – const 5. Government expenditure function G = g – const
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