Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence. "Cunning" members of the sentence (about clarification, addition and explanation) Clarifying constructions examples
The sentence can be complicated by special syntactic relations - explanatory. They are established between the members of the series, one of which acts as an explanatory, and the other as an explanatory. The explanation may be in the nature of either a repeated designation or a clarification; a typical case of an explanatory construction is a series with a generalizing word.
For example: a) Anna spent the whole day at home, that is, at the Oblonskys, and did not receive anyone (L.T.); The youngest of the sons of Aunt Marya, namely Dmitry, left for the side later than everyone else (Sol.); b) A crowd of buildings: human, barns, cellars, apparently dilapidated, filled the yard (G.); Once, in the forty-first, Serpilin suddenly spoke to him about his childhood (Sim.); Some - conscientious - put the forks aside, looked with bewilderment at Yegor (Shuksh.).
The place of explanation in the syntactic system of the Russian language remains insufficiently defined from a theoretical point of view. On the one hand, explanation is closely related to the homogeneity of the members of the sentence, and on the other hand, to their isolation. Therefore, in descriptive grammars and textbooks on the syntax of the Russian language, constructions containing explanatory relations are described in different sections: some - in the section on generalizing words with homogeneous members, others - in the section on isolation of circumstances; others are included in the description of applications.
The syntactic nature of explanatory relations is so peculiar that it does not clearly fit into either of the two basic concepts - composition or submission. But the allocation of explanation as a special type of syntactic connection, standing outside the composition and subordination, does not have a sufficient theoretical basis.
What is the peculiarity of explanatory relations? From the functional and semantic side, explanatory relations oppose all other semantic types of intra-row relations, such as connection, opposition, comparison, division, etc. The logical basis of explanatory relations is the idea of identity. The two members of the sentence have a common denotative reference, and it is established only by the speaker himself. In our examples: at home - this is what the Oblonskys have (from the point of view of the speaker!); Dmitry and the youngest son of Aunt Marya are one and the same person. Two different nominations refer to the same object of reality, but each represent this object in its own aspect. This is the function of the double designation. Compare, for example, the meaning of different designations of the same fact in the following sentence: In Perm, Sonnenberg zealously set to work, that is, for the purchase of unnecessary things, all kinds of dishes, pots, cups, crystal, supplies ... (Hertz.). “The possibility of naming the same object in different ways stems from the possibility of designating it differently, which is a consequence of the multiplicity of judgments that can be made about one object (person or object).”
The double notation is not redundant. It is always functionally justified. As a rule, the explanation significantly enriches the sentence in terms of content; often carries new information, and sometimes is the main semantic part of the message. For example: He did not know how to train dogs (T.).
In explanatory relations, the meaning of identity is purely syntactic: it follows from the construction, and not from the lexical meaning of the words. Regardless of what we know about the essence of objects (signs or actions) named by certain words, we are aware of these words as related to one object of reality due to a certain way of their syntactic connection.
Explanatory relations, being purely syntactic, cannot be confused with lexical synonymy. Naturally, the members of the sentence that are in such a relationship can also be represented by synonymous words (or synonymous descriptive expressions), for example, with the union or: Red deer, or spotted deer, lives in the forests of Transbaikalia and the Far East, but in principle explained and explained - they are not synonyms; on the contrary, they are called upon to characterize the same object of reality in different ways.
Let's compare the words simple and elegant, taken separately (in their lexical meaning) and in construction: Kitty sat down low and gracefully in her very simple, that is, very elegant summer dress ordered from Paris (L.T.).
Explanation as a syntactic relation must be distinguished from explanation in the broad, non-special meaning of the word. Explanation in the syntactic meaning implies a certain construction. The fact is that other turns of speech can also have an explanatory, concretizing meaning - inserts, participial turns, many definitions.
Explanation as a construction is a special type of series consisting of two parallel terms. Members connected by explanatory relations, in parallel, independently of each other, are assigned to the third member common to them. For example: I found my friend in the same position, that is, putting his long legs on the iron headboard, and throwing his arms behind his head (Sol.). External connections do not distinguish the explanation from other types of series, but the internal ones are of a special nature, which makes it possible to oppose the explanatory construction to all types of constructions with homogeneous members: it is distinguished by a specific allied and intonation design, which shows that related members relate to each other as defined and defining.
On the functional side, the explanatory construction differs from other types of series primarily in the nature of intra-series relations: the first member (explained) occupies its original position, and the second (explanation) is introduced into the sentence in addition to the first; thus, occupying the position of the same member of the sentence, the first and second members differ in function. The difference itself is formalized grammatically, which allows us to speak of a special explanatory construction.
An explanatory construction can be in the position of any member of the sentence - main and secondary, since identity relations can be established between the names of objects, their attributes, actions and circumstances; in the next sentence, definitions are connected by explanatory relations: So, there is talent, the first gardener was found, it is time to transplant the tree into another, namely, into the metropolitan soil (Sol.).
The explained and the explanation can be represented by separate word forms (for example: think about the main thing - about the service), but the complex syntactic composition of one or both members of the structure is more characteristic. A typical example: Restraint was also noticed in the face, that is, the ability to control oneself, not to let the face be a mirror of the soul (Gonch.) - the grammatical basis of the construction is the connection of word forms: restraint, that is, skill; but the semantics of the explanation is created by the entire part introduced by the union. The explained and the explanation may include a predicative unit, for example, a subordinate clause: He also had something tied around his neck that could not be disassembled: whether it was a stocking, a garter or an underbelly, but not a tie (G.).
The means of forming an explanatory construction depend on the nature of the explanatory relations. As part of the statement, the repeated designation pursues different goals: concretization, a list of special cases, varieties, giving an example; clarification, interpretation, more precise designation, indication of the possibility of a double name; determination of the significance of something, disclosure of the essence of the phenomenon, subjective assessment of the fact. This finds expression, first of all, in the choice of functional words - indicators of explanatory connections and in the type of intonation, as well as in the lexical composition of the explained.
Functional words of an explanatory construction are divided into two types: 1) special explanatory conjunctions: that is (architectural variants: that is, that is, that is), namely (namely), like that, or (in an explanatory sense); they are adjoined by the union whether it is used not only in an explanatory construction; 2) other service words that combine their own function with the union: a) rather, more precisely, in other words, simply speaking, it is better to say, rather, simply; b) including, such as, for example; c) for example, say, put, in particular, in particular (especially), first of all, first of all, at least, mainly; d) even, at least; e) already, in fact, precisely (in the meaning of ‘already’).
Functional words of the second group appear both independently and in combination with unions, including coordinating ones (for example: and including; or, more precisely).
The intonation design of an explanatory structure can also be of two main types: 1) one intonation is perceived by the speaker as “warning” (a strong emphasis on what is being explained, somewhat weaker on the explanation and a significant pause between them), according to the model: Now you need to think about the main thing - about the service ( Sim.); Everywhere: in the bushes, in the grass - birds sang, chirped (A.K.T.); another intonation - isolating, sometimes close to the intonation of introduction (syntagmatic emphasis on an explanatory term), according to the model: Everyone, and especially officials, remained stunned for some time (G.); On the same day, in the evening, he arrived in Peski (Bel.). The lexical composition of the explanation is generally free, but with some types of explanatory relations, the explained is characterized by special features corresponding to its function - features of pronominalization. The words are one, another, the main thing, different, everything, there; late, long ago, far, rarely; event, thing, business, etc. like function words, they participate in the expression of explanatory relations. In combination with a characteristic intonation, they compensate for the lack of an explanatory conjunction.
Consider the types of explanatory relations and types of explanatory constructions.
Explanatory relations are a broad syntactic concept that unites different types on the basis of semantic and constructive generality. The central place belongs to the explanation itself as the most clearly defined grammatically; the clarification differs significantly from it; inclusion occupies a special place.
The difference between the types of explanatory relations has a logical basis. In some cases, the denotative content of the explained and the explanation completely coincides, for example: We, keeping the old-fashioned custom, bring home prey from the mountains - a deer shot down by an arrow (Bryus.); Soon we all, i.e. the prince, Ivan Ivanovich and I, parted one fine day (Bun.); Here, at the crossroads of the rivers, the wind always frolicked with special force (Leon.). The explained and the explanation have one referent. In other cases, the designated objects do not completely coincide, one nomination covers reality wider, the other narrower, for example: Let's meet in the library, in the periodicals department, or the objects of the nominations partially overlap, for example: In the west, behind the station, behind blackening wooded fields, still the long summer Moscow dawn shone deadly (Bun.). This difference can be visualized as follows:
full identity of objects
incomplete identity of objects or
However, pointing out the logical difference is not enough, since it does not fully correspond to the syntactic one. From the syntactic side, it is important to distinguish between two types of constructions that reflect different meanings of explanatory relations: 1) relations in which the identity of objects is specifically affirmed and 2) relations in which this assertion is not. The first ones are made out with special service words or intonation equivalent to them in function. The second ones do not have any special means of registration, but are expressed only by isolating the second member. The first is conditionally called an explanation, the second - a clarification. Wed: A new enterprise, a porcelain factory, was put into operation. - Behind the house, by the ravine, there were thickets of burdocks. From a logical point of view, both in the first and in the second cases, one can see the same relation of two different designations (one referent). However, from a syntactic point of view, it is essentially different. It is important that when explaining the second member, naming what has already been named, it is as if substituted for the first one, syntactically duplicating it: with any of the two members, the sentence remains a nomination of the same event. Wed: A new enterprise was put into operation. - Put into operation a porcelain factory. When clarifying, there is no duplication function: a clarifying one is always different, new, additional; the members of the series are not interchangeable. Wed: Behind the house there were thickets of burdocks. - There were thickets of burdocks near the ravine. Therefore, the clarification does not allow the substitution of an explanatory union - that is, namely, etc.
The two branches of the science of language - syntax and punctuation - are always studied together. Simple cases of comma placement, for example, a mandatory comma before A and BUT, usually do not cause difficulties. But to isolate the secondary ones, knowledge of the basics of syntax is necessary.
Secondary members under a number of conditions can be distinguished from two sides and circumstance.
The circumstance in the sentence answers the questions of adverbs, as it denotes a sign of action or, much less often, not only an adverb, but also any independent element can act as a circumstance.
The isolation of circumstances expressed either by a single gerund, although it has its own subtleties, is easily assimilated by schoolchildren. The presence of a gerund in a sentence is a kind of signal for setting a comma.
Another thing is a clarifying circumstance. Examples of this kind are harder to find: they are not so obvious.
What is a clarifying circumstance?
Clarifying members, as is already clear from the term itself, clarify the information contained in the sentence:
All childhood friends, (who exactly?) Especially Mikhail, are very dear to me.
Dark (what exactly?) almost jet-black eyes stood out against his pale face.
A little girl ran into the room, (what exactly?) No older than our son.
A qualifier is always separated by a dash.
A separate clarifying circumstance in most cases specifies the time and place of the action.
If we have a clarifying circumstance of time, then the sentence, in addition to it, should contain generalized information about when the action is performed:
We left late in the evening, (when exactly?) at eleven o'clock.
At the end of August, (when exactly?) on the twenty-fifth, my only brother was born.
The specifying circumstance of the place details, narrows down the information about where the event described in the sentence takes place:
Andrei lives very close to us, (where exactly?) A five-minute walk.
Ahead, (where exactly?) in the very center of the road, we noticed a huge pit.
Geographical names and addresses are often specified:
Last summer we returned from another city, (where exactly?) from Vladivostok.
My friend moved to the Oktyabrsky district of the city of Samara, (where exactly?) to Michurin street.
Less common is a clarifying circumstance of the course of action:
The soldiers tried to speak as quietly as possible, (how exactly?) Almost a whisper.
Perepyolkin listened to me attentively, (how exactly?) With some special respect.
Clarifying circumstances with other meanings are also isolated.
For the correct punctuation, it is important to understand the context of the sentence:
Artists performed on the square in the city center. (The area is located in the central part of the city)
Artists performed on the square in the center of the city. (Artists perform on the square, located exactly in the center of the city).
A clue in isolating the clarifying members of a sentence is intonation. But it is not worth focusing only on semantic pauses in the speech flow; it is better to pay attention to the syntactic role of the construction and choose a question for it.
Words that explain the meaning of the preceding member of the sentence are separated or highlighted punctuation marks. The difference between clarifying and explanatory members of a sentence is that if clarification is a transition from a broader concept to a narrower one (see § 22), then an explanation is a designation of the same concept in other words.
The explanatory part of the sentence is usually preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is(if they are absent in the sentence, these words can be inserted): She was raised no-old, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls(P.); Sometimes you want to do something read(G.); We rode on our horses in a wagon, that is, in a covered bast wagon(Ax.); The next day I crossed the Lena with five Yakuts, that is, through narrow channels, dividing countless islands(Gonch.); While, exactly a year ago I also collaborated on magazines(Dost.); There is only one undoubted happiness in life - live for others(L.T.); He imagined his house - six large rooms(M.G.); third day, I mean, that week I tell the elder...(Sl.); Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - become a carpenter(Paust.).
Other examples: These birds[wall climbers] they get their food exclusively in the air - feed on flying insects; He has a special ability - do everything on time;These conclusions should be expanded, and just add other possible options; The report provides a comparison of production results and production costs in terms of value, that is, monetary form; Other colors were needed, as well just light ones.
Explanatory can be not only a member of the sentence, but also the whole sentence: In this case, one important circumstance must be taken into account, namely: the ecological balance must not be disturbed.
As some of the examples above show, instead of a comma before the explanatory member of the sentence (in the absence of an explanatory conjunction), it is often put dash: There was only one conversation - about weather There was another obstacle in the way of scientists - the superstition of the islanders; His profession was the most peaceful - teacher; The job took less than we expected - two month; Did he decide that he was wrong - did not recognize an honest person, or for some other reason, but he willingly complied with the request.
Possibility of staging colons(to avoid two dashes): Another way has been suggested: … the use of certain types of marine plants - algae, rich in many valuable substances.
The names of other regularly held events are written with a lowercase letter, for example: alumni meeting day, donor day, open day, Saturday, Sunday .
Term clarifying isolated members of a sentence, usually used in a broad sense to refer to specifying , explanatory And affiliate members offers . Such members of the proposal can be both main and secondary.
Clarifying a member of a sentence is called, answering the same question as the other member after which it stands, and serving to clarify (usually it narrows the scope of the concept expressed by the member being specified). Qualifier members can be common. Any members of the sentence can be clarifying:
For example: His ingenuity rather the speed of reaction, struck me subject ). Below, in the shade, the river roared ( circumstance ).
Most often, clarification is required circumstances of the place And time , since they can be indicated in a sentence very generally and indefinitely by such words as there, there, from there, in front, behind, everywhere, everywhere, then, then, now and so on.
It is precisely such general indications of space and time that usually need to be specified and to move from a broader concept to a narrower one.
For example: Now, after the flood, it was a river of six fathoms.(A.Chekhov) There, below, the moss is skinny, the bush is gray.(A. Pushkin)
explanatory is a sentence member that names the same concept as the explained member, but in different words. Explanatory terms are preceded or can be inserted with conjunctions namely, namely, that is, or (= that is ) .
At the same time, quite often the explanatory members of the sentence (main and secondary) are attached using the words that is, exactly, namely, or (= that is), including, for example, in particular, mainly, by name, by nickname, especially. Sometimes there are no connecting words, but they can be mentally substituted.
For example: While, exactly a year ago, I also collaborated on magazines.(F. Dostoevsky) From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or doves.(S. Aksakov) Even the tsar's favorites, the Preobrazhensky, felt as if abandoned by their sovereign leader.(D. Mordovtsev)
Connecting is a sentence member containing additional explanations or comments reported in passing, as an addition to the content of the main statement. Attaching members are usually attached with words even, especially, in particular, for example, mainly, in particular, in particular.
For example: He was often laughed at, and rightly so. At night especially in a thunderstorm, the faces of the images in the hall lit up every minute, the trembling pink-gold sky opened up, flung open over the garden.(I. Bunin)
Punctuation marks with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence
Specifying members of a sentence
1. The clarifying members of the sentence, referring to a particular word in the sentence, narrow the concept it expresses, or in any respect limit it. Specifying members of a sentence are separated by commas . Most often, the meaning of clarification is acquired by the circumstances of the place, time, degree, measure, mode of action.
For example: Downstairs, in the hall, they began to put out the lights(Ch.); Rahim lies with his chest on the sand, head to the sea, and thoughtfully looks into the muddy distance(M. G.) ; In the grove, behind the dam, the bittern hummed(M. G.) ; There, on the horizon, from where a cloud floated into the sky, a pale pink streak of light shone(M. G.) ; The vast space was flooded by the river in the flood, and now far away, up to the horizon Silver stains were scattered across the meadows(M. G.) ; On the eighth of July, Friday, Elizarov, nicknamed Kostyl, and Lesha were returning from the village of Kazan(Ch.) ; The voices under the lindens now sounded softer, in the evening(Bulg.) ; Everywhere, and above and below, the larks sang(Ch.); Now, after the flood, it was a river of six fathoms(H .); Try to see the Aksai tract there, in the west, on the steppe slope of the foothills(Aitm.); We just stood by at a closed barn
(Nile.) ; Finally, one day, in the middle of the day, across the river, in the dark, in the distance, as always, the lights flared up and went out.(Nile.) ; On a crooked haystack, sadly, like an orphan, perched a crow(Fad.) .
The specifying members of the sentence can also be definitions and subjects. Usually clarifications relate to age, color, size, etc.
For example: A minute later they passed the sleepy desk, went out onto deep, hub-deep sand, and silently got into a dusty cab cab (Bun.); long, several miles, the shadow lay from the mountains on the steppe (L. T.); He liked this fragrant, honey-flavored drink (Sol.); It was on that eve, before the storm, that some incidents significant for Ivan Matveich happened (Leon.); Both, mother and daughter, were wearing straw hats (Ch.); The biggest shield five meters wide, occupied the middle of the left row(Chuk.) .
1. Clarifying terms that are emphasized to a greater extent are highlighted by a dash.
For example: Sergey Sergeyevich went up to Andrey, painfully - with a glare - patted him on the cheek(Shuksh.) - the circumstance is specified; The mines are all in the snow, which is quite shallow here - up to the ankle(Bull.) - the predicate is specified; Monuments, however, were few - only five or six (Paust.) - the member of the sentence with the value of an indefinite amount is specified.
2. Clarifying definitions can concretize the meaning of pronouns this one, that one.
For example: Chichikov was a little puzzled with such a somewhat sharp definition (G.); ... Light blue eyes and ash-blond hair somehow brightened up this one, not particularly noticeable, flaw(M. G.).
3. The clarifying nature of the members of the proposal can be enhanced by special words sort of, rather, more precisely, otherwise(they have the meaning of introductory words). Since the introductory word is highlighted, no comma is placed after the qualifying member.
For example: Any annual session of the academy is, of course, primarily a conscientious report of scientists. A report on what heights, or rather, depths, have been achieved in the knowledge of nature...(gas.).
4. The clarifying meaning of a sentence member can be emphasized as a situational coincidence , although the direct meanings of circumstantial words do not indicate such a relationship.
For example: And suddenly, at the very turn to Sukhodol, we saw in high wet rzha a tall and terrible figure in a dressing gown and a hat, the figure of either an old man or an old woman(Boon.) - influenced by circumstances all of a sudden in the following circumstance - at the very turn to Sukhodol- temporal value comes to the fore (at the moment when they drove up); This time, next to a sick mother, Sultanmurat especially acutely felt the desolation of life without a father(Aitm.) - this time the temporal meaning of the combination removes the spatial shade in the meaning of the circumstance next to a sick mother. Similar sentence members while retaining their own meaning no allocation required;
Compare: This time, near the sick mother, Sultanmurat felt especially keenly ...
Explanatory members of the sentence
1. Explanatory members of the sentence are separated by commas.
They can be both the main members of the proposal and the secondary ones. Explanatory members are the second names in relation to the first, explained, which express this or that concept is not clear enough or for some reason is not clear enough. These members of the sentence, as a rule, may have an indication of their explanatory nature, i.e. have special conjunctions that is, namely, or (meaning "that is")
For example: Here someone left the house and stopped on the porch; this is Alexander Timofeevich, or just Sasha, a guest who came from Moscow(Ch.) ; For Konstantin Levin, the village was a place of life, that is joy, pain, labor (L.T.) ; In this regard, even one very important event happened for both of them, precisely Kitty's meeting with Vronsky (L.T.) ; From Nevsky Prospekt leads to the former Mikhailovsky Palace, i.e. to the Russian Museum, short and wide street(Sol. ); To the left of the road is a mirror in the reeds, and everything here is in the steppe. Not so big as to be convex that is, not the sea, not the lake, namely the pond (Sol.) ; She will go into the garden and tidy up the raspberries, that is, it will break off the old dry ones and tie the young shoots to the pegs (Sol .); In the infinity of new and new discoveries, in the roar of incredible incidents, for the first time I felt myself not Chekhov's Chechevitsyn, not a schoolboy dreaming of running away to the pampas, but a true reader, that is, a person who, at the long-awaited hour, is left alone with a book(Kav.).
2. If there are words warning about the explanation, a dash is put.
For example: He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good ( L. T. ); One thing interested him lately - painting; The goal set before the detachment was one - reach the forest before dawn. In such sentences, the dash replaces the missing explanatory conjunction: Baikal is glorious and holy to others - with its miraculous, life-giving power (Spread). The omission of the union can also be fixed by a dash in sentences without special warning words about the explanation: The task assigned to the detachment was difficult - reach the forest before dawn; The weather is the most suitable - a blizzard(Nile.).
However, in print, with such explanations, a colon is also used, which can be perceived as a variant design of the construction with a more emphasized explanation.
For example: ... I set myself a state task: secure trade routes to Bukhara, Khiva (Grand .); One mood: work better(gas.).
3. Among the explanatory members of the sentence, agreed definitions with an explanatory meaning stand apart.
They are not distinguished by signs, but are only separated from the explained definition of a comma. An explanation arises with definitions that are special in meaning - they carry a general, unspecified, indefinite meaning. The second, clarifying definition removes the uncertainty.
For example: snowdrops were special, irresistible the passion of glory(Baruzd.); At all others, urban sounds were heard outside and inside the quarter(Cat.).
An explanation can also arise in another, opposite situation, when the first definition is absolutely concrete, it is expressed by an ordinal number, and the second definition explains it in other words.
For example: Terrible way! On thirtieth, last verst does not bode well(A. Inter.) - i.e. " thirtieth, which turned out to be the last" (combination thirtieth last verst absurd, since it suggests twenty-nine more of the latter).
Attaching members of the proposal
1. Attaching members of the sentence are separated by commas.
They have the character of additional information, reported along the way, in addition to the content of the main statement. The adjunctive members included in the sentences include words and combinations even, in particular, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and moreover, and therefore, and, and only, and in general, and also etc.
For example: All, including a funny bouncing guy, reached for the window (H.); At night especially in a thunderstorm when the garden raged in the rain, the faces of the images in the hall lit up every minute, the trembling pink-gold sky opened up, opened up over the garden (Bun.); I believe that it is precisely this - the mystery or the premonition of it - that is lacking not only in your story, but also in all the works of your peers, especially modern lyrics ( Ast .); A large, also square, window overlooked the garden ( Hall .); I did well in school especially in french ( gas .); In several places, old automobile cylinders were lying in the mud, including one huge toothed tire from a wheeled tractor ( Sol .); It was very warm, even hot(Chuck.).
It is also possible to select using a dash.
For example: Suddenly, interrupting her memories of the guys, a distant, distant day appeared in front of her - and also with a river(Spread).
2. Connecting members of the sentence that do not have special connecting words(unionless accession), separated by a dash, more sharply delimiting it from the main statement.
For example: The old woman accepted the death of the old man as fate - no more and no less (Spread) ; Stairs too disappear - until next time (Spread) ; The old woman looks at him and smiles patiently. Then he says - all with the same patient smile (rasp.); Knyazev, along with everyone, crossed the street and walked slowly along the other side of the street - just like that, nothing to do (Shuksh.) ; He did not even wash himself, but went straight into the yard to chop wood (Shuksh.); Why did he drag himself neither the light nor dawn - from insomnia, or something (rasp.); All night and all day and again all night Nikita ran around the city - to the doctors, to the pharmacist, to the shop for cloudberries (Geych.).
Such sentence members are easily packaged (divided into separate, incomplete sentences) and, when their distinguishing role is strengthened, are separated by a dot.
For example: Brush and trowel - that's the whole scientific and technological progress in this industry. And not only in this(gas.); And he [ Lermontov ] wrote. At night, with a lit candle, while walking in the park, hiding in its corners( Chiv .); It's more of a parable. I would even call it a dramatic novel. About love. About hate ( gas .); Following the sequence, we would have to talk further about the years, circumstances, people and destinies covered by the frame of the revolution. About the world of previously unknown goals and aspirations, tasks and exploits, new restraint, new severity and new trials(P ast .).
In a simple sentence, intonationally and in meaning, the members of the sentence with the meaning clarifications, clarifications and additions. In general, they have the function of additional messages.
In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.
A) Specifying members of a sentence
When clarified, they are distinguished specifying And specified sentence members. Clarifying are those members of the sentence that explain other, specified members.
Separate (separated by a comma at the beginning and at the end of the sentence and highlighted on both sides in the middle of the sentence) words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words.
Clarifying members in relation to the specified ones serve as names that are more specific in meaning, since they narrow the concept conveyed by the specified (main) member of the sentence, or in some way limit it. Thus, the terms specified and specified are related as general and particular, broad and specific, generic and specific, and the specifying member of the sentence follows the specified one (and not vice versa!).
Wed: Tomorrow ,(when exactly?) at six o'clock in the evening, a meeting of members of the cooperative will be held. - At six o'clock in the evening there will be a meeting of members of the cooperative.
All members of the proposal can be specified.
1. Most often specified circumstances of place and time, since they can be denoted in a very generalized and indefinite way ( there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then and etc.). It is the clarifying term that gives the concretization:
There ,(where exactly?) on the horizon, glowed a pale pink streak of light(M. Gorky); Now,(when exactly?) after flood, it was a river of six fathoms(Chekhov).
Sometimes the ratio of a broader and a narrower concept can be dictated only by the given context:
Tonight Yegor Ivanovich and I are going to Petrograd,(where exactly? / to whom exactly?) to Masha (A.N. Tolstoy).
Often, specifying circumstances of the place form a chain, line up in a row:
ahead,(where exactly?) away, (where exactly?) on the other side of the misty sea, one could see protruding wooded hills(L. Tolstoy).
2. Can be specified and other circumstances, if they have a broader meaning than a clarifying one:
He shook his curls and self-confidently,(how exactly?) almost with a challenge looked up at the sky(Turgenev); He was meticulous(how exactly? / to what extent?) to a pink gloss on the cheeks, shaved(Antonov).
Note!
1) Sometimes a series of circumstances can be devoid of a clarifying shade of meaning and be perceived (in this context!) As different sides of one phenomenon, without semantic subordination.
Several people are walking through the snow across the street to the hut (Bykov).
If we put commas between the circumstances, then the relationship between them will become somewhat different: each subsequent one will be logically distinguished, perceived as subordinate to the previous one, which will enhance the impression of tension and even danger of the described moment.
Wed: Several people are walking across the snow, across the street, into the hut.
Pay attention to how the intonation changes with this!
2) Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as clarifying circumstances. Compare the sentences given in pairs:
Far away in the forest were heard blows of an ax(the listener is also in the forest). - Far , In the woods, ax blows were heard(the listener is outside the forest).
Children settled down in the clearing between the bushes (the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are none on the clearing itself). - The children sat in the meadow between the bushes (the bushes are in the clearing itself).
3) If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them.
In 1961, 12th of April man first flew into space. On April 12, 1961, a man flew into space for the first time.
3. Can be specified agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.:
Another ,(what exactly?) last thing, legend - and my chronicle is over(Pushkin); In some places women's peeped out,(what exactly?) mostly old ladies, head(Turgenev).
Clarifying definitions can concretize the general meaning of pronouns this, such, each, one(not in the meaning of the numeral, but in the meaning of the pronoun), etc.:
Chichikov was a little puzzled by this(what exactly?) partly sharp, definition (Gogol); Not a single, neither sledge, nor human, nor animal, trace was visible (L. Tolstoy); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, (what exactly?) dear to me, man (M. Gorky).
Note!
1) Separation of clarifying agreed definitions is a rather rare phenomenon and largely depends on the will of the writer. Usually, definitions with a clarifying meaning are considered as homogeneous, that is, a comma is placed not on both sides, but on one - between the definitions.
With quick steps I passed a long "area" of bushes, climbed a hill and ... saw completely different, unfamiliar my place(Turgenev).
2) Clarifying definitions can be attached through subordinating conjunctions.
irresistible, although quiet, the power carried me away(Turgenev); You can't kill like that because of a simple, albeit so expensive, suit(Saveliev).
But if the definition attached by the subordinating union is homogeneous in relation to the previous one and does not have the character of clarification (semantic and intonation!), then a comma is not placed after it.
Received important although not final intelligence.
4. More often than agreed definitions, clarifying inconsistent definitions:
The boat was moving, moving all the time in black,(which one?) almost inky color, the shadow cast by high coastal cliffs(Simonov); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in simple,(which one?) striped, shirt(Soloukhin); A young woman entered(which exactly?) seventeen years old girl(Kuprin); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,(which one?) to toe, greatcoat(Kataev).
5. The clarifying character is given to the statement of the word rather, rather, otherwise etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the indicated words, which have the meaning of introductory ( rather, rather, otherwise, rather in meaning, they are equivalent to the phrases “to be more precise”, “in other words”, etc.), they themselves are separated by commas:
His kindness, or rather, his generosity touched me(in this example, the predicate agrees with the closest preceding word to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma); More recently, more precisely, in the last issue of the journal, an article of similar content was published; It is necessary to supplement, rather, clarify the data given in the report.
In the role of clarifying words moreover can act. They are separated by commas, while the definition following them is not:
It would be foolishness, nay, madness, to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover, admired him.
Note!
The word is rather not separated by commas if used in meanings:
A)"better", "more willing":
b)"better say":
Pavel Petrovich slowly paced up and down the dining room..., uttering some remark, or rather an exclamation, like "ah! hey! hm!(Turgenev); He was not surprised, but rather pleased by this question.
Note. Specifying members of a sentence are usually separated by commas. However, it is also possible to set such a sign as dash.
A dash is usually placed in the following cases:
a) under clarifying circumstances, if not only the clarifying, but also the plug-in nature of the circumstances is emphasized, for example: Rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in bushes and grass- birds chirped, chirped(A.N. Tolstoy);
b) when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of the clarification and clarification members, for example: He got a job at the mine, part-time- After school(Baruzdin). Here circumstance to the mine explained by the following construction part-time - after school, and this construction has its refinement After school, separated by a dash. The use of a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since the comma would distort the meaning, equalizing the positions of all three circumstances (cf .: to the mine, part-time, after school). A dash emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally correlated with each other;
c) when clarifying the nominal part of the predicate (cf .: The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep ).
B) Explanatory members of the sentence
The explanatory members of the sentence explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence. Explained and explanatory terms, in principle, denote identical concepts.
Difference between specifying And explanatory members of the sentence lies in the fact that clarification is the transition from a broader concept to a narrower one, and explanation is the designation of the same concept in other words.
Thus, the explanatory members are the second names in relation to the first, expressing for various reasons this or that concept is not sufficiently clear and understandable:
Especially for us Russians, conciseness should be close and precious.(Chernyshevsky); He imagined his house - six large rooms (M. Gorky); Sometimes you want to do something - read(Gogol).
1. The explanatory part of the sentence is preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is, that is, that is:
She was raised no-old, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls (Pushkin); We rode on our leather horses that is, in a covered matting (Aksakov); While, exactly a year ago, I also collaborated on magazines(Dostoevsky); third day, i.e. this week I say to the elder...(Sleptsov).
If there are no words in the sentence exactly, namely, that is these words can be inserted:
Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - to become a carpenter(Paustovsky); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good (L. Tolstoy).
Note!
1) In the absence of explanatory conjunctions that is, exactly, namely and when there is an explanation, the selection is usually done with a dash, not a comma.
There was only one conversation - about the weather; His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.
2) There is a statement of the colon with the explanatory member of the sentence. Usually a colon is used to avoid two dashes.
Another way has been suggested: the use of certain types of marine plants- algae, rich in many valuable substances.
2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a union or (meaning "that is"):
Note!
The union or can have a divisive meaning ("either this or that"). In this case, it connects homogeneous members, and a comma is not placed between them. If the union or can be replaced by the union that is, then it has an explanatory meaning. In this case, the explanatory phrase is separated by commas.
Wed: From the forest ravine came the singing of a nightingale or a goldfinch. - From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtledoves(Aksakov); It was decided to decorate the house with a balcony or a mezzanine. - Around the whole building there is a vast stone balcony, or veranda, where, in bamboo chairs, the owners of the barracks lazily doze(Goncharov).
Note. Definitions that are in the nature of an explanation (they can be preceded by the words namely, that is), are separated by a comma from the word being explained, but after them a comma is usually not put, for example: Thick brands stuck out, remnants of the old, burned-out bathhouse; The next, sixth volume of the subscription edition will go to the store one of these days; He spoke in a completely different, serious tone; The fourth and last part of the novel will end with an epilogue.
C) Attaching members of the proposal
The connecting members of the sentence convey additional information, clarifications or comments that have arisen along the way, in connection with the content of the main statement. The connecting members of the sentence are separated by commas, less often by a dash:
Reflection of light hit, trembling impetuously, in all directions, especially from above(Turgenev); Each, even a small, river has merit on earth(Peskov).
1. The connecting members of the sentence may have special linking words: even, especially, in particular, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and(in the sense of "and moreover"), yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, and yes and etc.:
Invisibly I became attached to a good family, even to the crooked garrison lieutenant(Pushkin); Here you will have a bath, and with your mistress(Pushkin); At night, especially in the heat, ... it was scary in the house (Bunin); Some Cossacks including Lukashka, stood up and stretched out (L. Tolstoy); The new manager paid most of his attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular on clerical subtleties(Mamin-Sibiryak); Three people in the district, including Sima Devushkin, made bird cages and cages (M. Gorky).
Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinguishing role, put a dot instead of a comma.
Wed: You have solid work experience moreover, in the field of restructuring and the search for new forms (Belyaev). - Among other telegrams there will be his. And the most unusual (Lapin); All things, especially tree branches and corners of buildings, surprisingly stood out in relief against the swarthy-pink darkening sky(Kuprin). - Many writers possessed this ability for a beautiful oral story based on true facts. Especially Mark Twain (Paustovsky); It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky). - The mechanisms in dolls are usually very primitive. Even in the most expensive and beautiful (Dementiev).
Note!
1) If the connecting member of the sentence begins with an introductory word ( for example, in particular etc.), then the comma after the introductory word is not put.
The fastest growing mushrooms such as birches and russula reach full development in three days(Aksakov).
2) Punctuation should not be mixed with joining unions and connecting unions and, yes, linking homogeneous members of the sentence. In the first case, a comma is placed before the union, in the second, no sign is required before a non-repeating union.
Wed: The author submitted the article, and in a timely manner (And- conjunction union). - The author submitted the article in a revised form and in a timely manner. (And- union connecting); The work could have been done long ago, and even better. - The work could have been done faster and even better.
3) A comma is not put before the union and in the following cases:
A) if it is used in a conjunctive sense.
So he went into the forest for nuts and got lost(Turgenev);
b) in combinations like yes and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb for unexpected or arbitrary action):
They lived a year soul to soul, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);
V) combined no-no yes and:
... No, no, yes, and he will remember her[mother], will write a letter(Gladkov).
2. Sometimes adjuncts can be included in a sentence without conjunctions (note the long pause that accompanies the adjunct of the sentence):
Quite late, another guest appeared, in a tailcoat ...(Herzen); At night I stand at the gun, on duty(Kataev).
Often this uses a dash instead of a comma:
We went to the Caucasus - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains; He remained the same as before, calm, hardworking, humble.
3. Punctuation distinguishes not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting sentences:
No, I am his[brownie] did not see yes, you can't see him (Turgenev); I was walking in some kind of intoxication, yes, and from what (Garshin); I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses stood, to see if they had food, And besides, caution never hurts (Lermontov).
D) Separate turnovers with the value of inclusion, exclusion and substitution
Separate turns with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution adjoin the clarifying, explanatory and connecting constructions. Such turns consist of nouns (with or without dependent words) with prepositions and prepositional combinations except for, instead of, in addition to, beyond, along with, except for, including, excluding and etc.:
instead of hard work; with the exception of three people; except for three people; along with clear success.
Turnovers denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from such a series, or objects replacing others.
In a letter, turnovers with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution can be separated:
The crowd dispersed except for a few curious and boys and Gavrila returned home(Turgenev). Beyond all expectation my grandmother gave me some books(Aksakov).
It should be remembered that the allocation of such revolutions is not mandatory! They can be isolated depending on the semantic load, position in the sentence, degree of prevalence, etc., that is, if the author wants to single out such phrases in meaning and intonation:
At the outpost, instead of a sentry, there was a collapsed booth(Pushkin). - Instead of answering, Kirila Petrovich was given a letter(Pushkin).
Note!
1) In this kind of phrase excluding including are prepositions, not adverbs.
2) If the isolated member of the sentence is in the middle of the sentence, then it is isolated from two sides.
3) A phrase with the preposition except can have inclusion and exclusion meanings.
Wed: Except the big house in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded of a night fight(Leonov) - an exception (only the big house reminded of the fight); Except the city of Okurov, on the plain, a small village of Voevodino was stuck(M. Gorky) - inclusion (both the city of Okurov and the village of Voevodino were on the plain).
Usually turns are isolated regardless of shades of meaning. However, uncommon expressions with except in the meaning of inclusion may not be isolated (this is how their inclusion in a homogeneous series of objects is emphasized).
Wed: In addition to books, there were notebooks and pencils on the table.(inclusion). - There was nothing on the table besides books.(exception).
Recently, there has been a tendency to highlight turns with except, regardless of the shades of meaning. This happens especially often:
A) in the presence of negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what:
I couldn't distinguish anything except for the muddy torsion of a blizzard (Pushkin);
b) if there is a combination in circulation other than:
We are evil to no one except for bears, do not(Markov).
Please note that the turnover in addition in the meaning of "besides" is an introductory word, therefore it is always isolated in writing.
4) Turnovers with the preposition instead also differ in meaning. If they have a substitution value, then a comma is usually included.
Instead of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees around me(Pushkin).
If instead is used in the meaning of "instead of", "for", then the comma is usually not put.
He got into the car instead of the driver.
